en/draft/debugging-howto.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE guide SYSTEM "/dtd/guide.dtd">
<!-- $Header: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/draft/debugging-howto.xml,v 1.5 2005/09/29 15:11:35 neysx Exp $ -->

<guide>
<title>Gentoo Linux Debugging Guide</title>

<author title="Author">
  <mail link="chriswhite@gentoo.org">Chris White</mail>
</author>
<author title="Editor">
  <mail link="fox2mike@gentoo.org">Shyam Mani</mail>
</author>

<abstract>
This document aims at helping the user debug various errors they may encounter
during day to day usage of Gentoo.
</abstract>

<!-- The content of this document is licensed under the CC-BY-SA license -->
<!-- See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5 -->
<license/>

<version>1.0</version>
<date>2005-07-13</date>

<chapter>
<title>Introduction</title>
<section>
<title>Preface</title>
<body>

<p>
One of the factors that delay a bug being fixed is the way it is reported. By
creating this guide, we hope to help improve the communication between
developers and users in bug resolution. Getting bugs fixed is an important, if
not crucial part of the quality assurance for any project and hopefully this
guide will help make that a success.
</p>

</body>
</section>
<section>
<title>Bugs!!!!</title>
<body>

<p>
You're emerge-ing a package or working with a program and suddenly the worst
happens -- you find a bug. Bugs come in many forms like emerge failures or
segmentation faults. Whatever the cause, the fact still remains that such a bug
must be fixed. Here is a few examples of such bugs.
</p>

<pre caption="A run time error">
$ <i>./bad_code `perl -e 'print Ax100'`</i>
Segmentation fault
</pre>

<pre caption="An emerge failure">
/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i686-pc-linux-gnu/3.3.2/include/g++-v3/backward/backward_warning.h:32:2:
warning: #warning This file includes at least one deprecated or antiquated
header. Please consider using one of the 32 headers found in section 17.4.1.2 of
the C++ standard. Examples include substituting the &lt;X&gt; header for the &lt;X.h&gt;
header for C++ includes, or &lt;sstream&gt; instead of the deprecated header
&lt;strstream.h&gt;. To disable this warning use -Wno-deprecated.
In file included from main.cc:40:
menudef.h:55: error: brace-enclosed initializer used to initialize `
OXPopupMenu*'
menudef.h:62: error: brace-enclosed initializer used to initialize `
OXPopupMenu*'
menudef.h:70: error: brace-enclosed initializer used to initialize `
OXPopupMenu*'
menudef.h:78: error: brace-enclosed initializer used to initialize `
OXPopupMenu*'
main.cc: In member function `void OXMain::DoOpen()':
main.cc:323: warning: unused variable `FILE*fp'
main.cc: In member function `void OXMain::DoSave(char*)':
main.cc:337: warning: unused variable `FILE*fp'
make[1]: *** [main.o] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory
`/var/tmp/portage/xclass-0.7.4/work/xclass-0.7.4/example-app'
make: *** [shared] Error 2

!!! ERROR: x11-libs/xclass-0.7.4 failed.
!!! Function src_compile, Line 29, Exitcode 2
!!! 'emake shared' failed
</pre>

<p>
These errors can be quite troublesome. However, once you find them, what do
you do? The following sections will look at two important tools for handling
run time errors. After that, we'll take a look at compile errors, and how to
handle them. Let's start out with the first tool for debugging run time
errors -- <c>gdb</c>.
</p>

</body>
</section>
</chapter>


<chapter>
<title>Debugging using GDB</title>
<section>
<title>Introduction</title>
<body>

<p>
GDB, or the (G)NU (D)e(B)ugger, is a program used to find run time errors that
normally involve memory corruption. First off, let's take a look at what
debugging entails. One of the main things you must do in order to debug a
program is to <c>emerge</c> the program with <c>FEATURES="nostrip"</c>. This
prevents the stripping of debug symbols. Why are programs stripped by default?
The reason is the same as that for having gzipped man pages -- saving space.
Here's how the size of a program varies with and without debug symbol stripping.
</p>

<pre caption="Filesize Comparison">
<comment>(debug symbols stripped)</comment>
-rwxr-xr-x  1 chris users 3140  6/28 13:11 bad_code
<comment>(debug symbols intact)</comment>
-rwxr-xr-x  1 chris users 6374  6/28 13:10 bad_code
</pre>

<p>
Just for reference, <e>bad_code</e> is the program we'll be debugging with
<c>gdb</c> later on. As you can see, the program without debugging symbols is
3140 bytes, while the program with them is 6374 bytes. That's close to double
the size! Two more things can be done for debugging. The first is adding ggdb3
to your CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS. This flag adds more debugging information than is
generally included. We'll see what that means later on. This is how
<path>/etc/make.conf</path> <e>might</e> look with the newly added flags.
</p>

<pre caption="make.conf settings">
CFLAGS="-O2 -pipe -ggdb3"
CXXFLAGS="${CFLAGS}"
</pre>

<p>
Lastly, you can also add debug to the package's USE flags. This can be done
with the <path>package.use</path> file.
</p>

<pre caption="Using package.use to add debug USE flag">
# <i>echo "category/package debug" >> /etc/portage/package.use</i>
</pre>

<note>
The directory <path>/etc/portage</path> does not exist by default and you may
have to create it, if you have not already done so. If the package already has
USE flags set in <path>package.use</path>, you will need to manually modify them
in your favorite editor.
</note>

<p>
Then we re-emerge the package with the modifications we've done so far as shown
below.
</p>

<pre caption="Re-emergeing a package with debugging">
# <i>FEATURES="nostrip" emerge package</i>
</pre>

<p>
Now that debug symbols are setup, we can continue with debugging the program.
</p>

</body>
</section>
<section>
<title>Running the program with GDB</title>
<body>

<p>
Let's say we have a program here called "bad_code". Some person claims that the
program crashes and provides an example. You go ahead and test it out:
</p>

<pre caption="Breaking The Program">
$ <i>./bad_code `perl -e 'print Ax100'`</i>
Segmentation fault
</pre>

<p>
It seems this person was right. Since the program is obviously broken, we have
a bug at hand. Now, it's time to use <c>gdb</c> to help solve this matter. First
we run <c>gdb</c> with <c>--args</c>, then give it the full program with
arguments like shown:
</p>

<pre caption="Running Our Program Through GDB">
$ <i>gdb --args ./bad_code `perl -e 'print Ax100'`</i>
GNU gdb 6.3
Copyright 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i686-pc-linux-gnu"...Using host libthread_db library "/lib/libthread_db.so.1".
</pre>

<note>
One can also debug with core dumps. These core files contain the same
information that the program would produce when run with gdb.  In order to debug
with a core file with bad_code, you would run <c>gdb ./bad_code core</c> where
core is the name of the core file.
</note>

<p>
You should see a prompt that says "(gdb)" and waits for input. First, we have to
run the program. We type in <c>run</c> at the command and receive a notice like:
</p>

<pre caption="Running the program in GDB">
(gdb) <i>run</i>
Starting program: /home/chris/bad_code

Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0xb7ec6dc0 in strcpy () from /lib/libc.so.6
</pre>

<p>
Here we see the program starting, as well as a notification of SIGSEGV, or
Segmentation Fault. This is GDB telling us that our program has crashed. It
also gives the last run function it could trace when the program crashes.
However, this isn't too useful, as there could be multiple strcpy's in the
program, making it hard for developers to find which one is causing the issue.
In order to help them out, we do what's called a backtrace. A backtrace runs
backwards through all the functions that occurred upon program execution, to the
function at fault. Functions that return (without causing a crash) will not show
up on the backtrace. To get a backtrace, at the (gdb) prompt, type in <c>bt</c>.
You will get something like this:
</p>

<pre caption="Program backtrace">
(gdb) <i>bt</i>
#0  0xb7ec6dc0 in strcpy () from /lib/libc.so.6
#1  0x0804838c in run_it ()
#2  0x080483ba in main ()
</pre>

<p>
You can notice the trace pattern clearly. main() is called first, followed by
run_it(), and somewhere in run_it() lies the strcpy() at fault. Things such as
this help developers narrow down problems. There are a few exceptions to the
output. First off is forgetting to enable debug symbols with
<c>FEATURES="nostrip"</c>. With debug symbols stripped, the output looks
something like this:
</p>

<pre caption="Program backtrace With debug symbols stripped">
(gdb) <i>bt</i>
#0  0xb7e2cdc0 in strcpy () from /lib/libc.so.6
#1  0x0804838c in ?? ()
#2  0xbfd19510 in ?? ()
#3  0x00000000 in ?? ()
#4  0x00000000 in ?? ()
#5  0xb7eef148 in libgcc_s_personality () from /lib/libc.so.6
#6  0x080482ed in ?? ()
#7  0x080495b0 in ?? ()
#8  0xbfd19528 in ?? ()
#9  0xb7dd73b8 in __guard_setup () from /lib/libc.so.6
#10 0xb7dd742d in __guard_setup () from /lib/libc.so.6
#11 0x00000006 in ?? ()
#12 0xbfd19548 in ?? ()
#13 0x080483ba in ?? ()
#14 0x00000000 in ?? ()
#15 0x00000000 in ?? ()
#16 0xb7deebcc in __new_exitfn () from /lib/libc.so.6
#17 0x00000000 in ?? ()
#18 0xbfd19560 in ?? ()
#19 0xb7ef017c in nullserv () from /lib/libc.so.6
#20 0xb7dd6f37 in __libc_start_main () from /lib/libc.so.6
#21 0x00000001 in ?? ()
#22 0xbfd195d4 in ?? ()
#23 0xbfd195dc in ?? ()
#24 0x08048201 in ?? ()
</pre>

<p>
This backtrace contains a large number of ?? marks. This is because without
debug symbols, <c>gdb</c> doesn't know how the program was run. Hence, it is
crucial that debug symbols are <e>not</e> stripped. Now remember a while ago we
mentioned the -ggdb3 flag. Let's see what the output looks like with the flag
enabled:
</p>

<pre caption="Program backtrace with -ggdb3">
(gdb) <i>bt</i>
#0  0xb7e4bdc0 in strcpy () from /lib/libc.so.6
#1  0x0804838c in run_it (input=0x0) at bad_code.c:7
#2  0x080483ba in main (argc=1, argv=0xbfd3a434) at bad_code.c:12
</pre>

<p>
Here we see that a lot more information is available for developers. Not only is
function information displayed, but even the exact line numbers of the source
files. This method is the most preferred if you can spare the extra space.
Here's how much the file size varies between debug, strip, and -ggdb3 enabled
programs.
</p>

<pre caption="Filesize differences With -ggdb3 flag">
<comment>(debug symbols stripped)</comment>
-rwxr-xr-x  1 chris users 3140  6/28 13:11 bad_code
<comment>(debug symbols enabled)</comment>
-rwxr-xr-x  1 chris users 6374  6/28 13:10 bad_code
<comment>(-ggdb3 flag enabled)</comment>
-rwxr-xr-x  1 chris users 19552  6/28 13:11 bad_code
</pre>

<p>
As you can see, -ggdb3 adds about <e>13178</e> more bytes to the file size
over the one with debugging symbols. However, as shown above, this increase
in file size can be worth it if presenting debug information to developers.
The backtrace can be saved to a file by copying and pasting from the
terminal (if it's a non-x based terminal, you can use gpm. To keep this
doc simple, I recommend you read up on the documentation for gpm to see
how to copy and paste with it). Now that we're done with <c>gdb</c>, we
can quit.
</p>

<pre caption="Quitting GDB">
(gdb) <i>quit</i>
The program is running. Exit anyway? (y or n) <i>y</i>
$
</pre>

<p>
This ends the walk-through of <c>gdb</c>. Using <c>gdb</c>, we hope that you
will be able to use it to create better bug reports. However, there are other
types of errors that can cause a program to fail during run time. One of the
other ways is through improper file access. We can find those using a nifty
little tool called <c>strace</c>.
</p>

</body>
</section>
</chapter>

<chapter>
<title>Finding file access errors using strace</title>
<section>
<title>Introduction</title>
<body>

<p>
Programs often use files to fetch configuration information, access hardware or
write logs. Sometimes, a program attempts to reach such files incorrectly. A
tool called <c>strace</c> was created to help deal with this. <c>strace</c>
traces system calls (hence the name) which include calls that use the memory and
files. For our example, we're going to take a program foobar2. This is an
updated version of foobar. However, during the change over to foobar2, you
notice all your configurations are missing!  In foobar version 1, you had it
setup to say "foo", but now it's using the default "bar".
</p>

<pre caption="Foobar2 With an invalid configuration">
$ <i>./foobar2</i>
Configuration says: bar
</pre>

<p>
Our previous configuration specifically had it set to foo, so let's use
<c>strace</c> to find out what's going on.
</p>

</body>
</section>
<section>
<title>Using strace to track the issue</title>
<body>

<p>
We make <c>strace</c> log the results of the system calls. To do this, we run
<c>strace</c> with the -o[file] arguments. Let's use it on foobar2 as shown.
</p>

<pre caption="Running foobar2 through strace">
# <i>strace -ostrace.log ./foobar2</i>
</pre>

<p>
This creates a file called <path>strace.log</path> in the current directory. We
check the file, and shown below are the relevant parts from the file.
</p>

<pre caption="A Look At the strace Log">
open(".foobar2/config", O_RDONLY)       = 3
read(3, "bar", 3)                       = 3
</pre>

<p>
Aha! So There's the problem. Someone moved the configuration directory to
<path>.foobar2</path> instead of <path>.foobar</path>. We also see the program
reading in "bar" as it should. In this case, we can recommend the ebuild
maintainer to put a warning about it. For now though, we can copy over the
config file from <path>.foobar</path> and modify it to produce the correct
results.
</p>

</body>
</section>
<section>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<body>

<p>
<c>strace</c> is a great way at seeing what the kernel is doing to with the
filesystem. Another program exists to help users see what the kernel is doing,
and help with kernel debugging.  This program is called <c>dmesg</c>.
</p>

</body>
</section>
</chapter>

<chapter>
<title>Kernel Debugging With dmesg</title>
<section>
<title>dmesg Introduction</title>
<body>

<p>
<c>dmesg</c> is a system program created with debugging kernel operation. It
basically reads the kernel messages and keeps them in buffer, letting the user
see them later on. Here's an example of what a dmesg output looks like:
</p>

<pre caption="dmesg sample output">
SIS5513: IDE controller at PCI slot 0000:00:02.5
SIS5513: chipset revision 208
SIS5513: not 100% native mode: will probe irqs later
SIS5513: SiS 961 MuTIOL IDE UDMA100 controller
ide0: BM-DMA at 0x4000-0x4007, BIOS settings: hda:DMA, hdb:DMA
ide1: BM-DMA at 0x4008-0x400f, BIOS settings: hdc:DMA, hdd:DMA
Probing IDE interface ide0...
input: ImPS/2 Generic Wheel Mouse on isa0060/serio1
hda: WDC WD800BB-60CJA0, ATA DISK drive
hdb: CD-RW 52X24, ATAPI CD/DVD-ROM drive
ide0 at 0x1f0-0x1f7,0x3f6 on irq 14
Probing IDE interface ide1...
hdc: SAMSUNG DVD-ROM SD-616T, ATAPI CD/DVD-ROM drive
hdd: Maxtor 92049U6, ATA DISK drive
ide1 at 0x170-0x177,0x376 on irq 15
hda: max request size: 128KiB
hda: 156301488 sectors (80026 MB) w/2048KiB Cache, CHS=65535/16/63,
UDMA(100)
hda: cache flushes not supported
hda: hda1
hdd: max request size: 128KiB
hdd: 39882528 sectors (20419 MB) w/2048KiB Cache, CHS=39566/16/63,
UDMA(66)
hdd: cache flushes not supported
hdd: unknown partition table
hdb: ATAPI 52X CD-ROM CD-R/RW drive, 2048kB Cache, UDMA(33)
Uniform CD-ROM driver Revision: 3.20
hdc: ATAPI 48X DVD-ROM drive, 512kB Cache, UDMA(33)
ide-floppy driver 0.99.newide
libata version 1.11 loaded.
usbmon: debugs is not available
</pre>

<p>
The dmesg displayed here is my machine's bootup. You can see the hard disks and
input devices being initialized.  While what you see here seems relatively
harmless, <c>dmesg</c> is also good at showing when things go wrong. Let's take
for example an IPAQ 1945 I have. After a couple of minutes of inactivity, the
device powers off. Now, I have the device connected into the USB port in the
front of my system. Now, I want to copy over some files using libsynCE, so I go
ahead and initiate a connection:
</p>

<pre caption="IPAQ connection attempt">
# <i>synce-serial-start</i>
/usr/sbin/pppd: In file /etc/ppp/peers/synce-device: unrecognized option
'/dev/tts/USB0'

synce-serial-start was unable to start the PPP daemon!
</pre>

<p>
The connection fails, as we see here, and we assume that only the screen is in
powersave mode, and that maybe the connection is faulty.  In order to see what
truly happened, we can use <c>dmesg</c>.  Now, <c>dmesg</c> tends to give a
rather large ammount of output. One can use the <c>tail</c> command to help
keep the output down:
</p>

<pre caption="Adjusting the output ammount with tail">
$ <i>dmesg | tail -n 4</i>
usb 1-1.2: PocketPC PDA converter now attached to ttyUSB0
usb 1-1.2: USB disconnect, address 11
PocketPC PDA ttyUSB0: PocketPC PDA converter now disconnected from ttyUSB0
ipaq 1-1.2:1.0: device disconnected
</pre>

<p>
This gives us the last 4 lines of the <c>dmesg</c> output. Now, this is enough
to give us some information on the situation. It seems that in the first 2
lines, the pocketpc is recognized as connected. However, in the last 2 lines, it
appears to have been disconnected. With this information we check the pocketpc
again, and find out it is powered off, and now know about the powersave mode. We
can use this information to turn the feature off, or be aware of it next time.
While this is a somewhat simple example, it does go to show how well
<c>dmesg</c> can work. However, in more complex examples (such as kernel bugs),
the entire <c>dmesg</c> output may be required. To obtain that, simple redirect
to a log file as such:
</p>

<pre caption="Saving dmesg output to a log">
$ <i>dmesg > dmesg.log</i>
</pre>

<p>
You can then attach this to a bug report, or post it online somewhere for
collaborative debugging sessions.
</p>

</body>
</section>
<section>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<body>

<p>
Now that we've taken a look at a few ways to debug runtime and kernel errors,
let's take a look at how to handle emerge errors.
</p>

</body>
</section>
</chapter>

<chapter>
<title>Handling emerge Errors</title>
<section>
<title>Introduction</title>
<body>

<p>
<c>emerge</c> errors, such as the one displayed earlier, can be a major cause
of frustration for users. Reporting them is considered crucial for maintaining
the health of Gentoo. Let's take a look at a sample ebuild, foobar2, which
contains some build errors.
</p>

</body>
</section>
<section id="emerge_error">
<title>Evaluating emerge Errors</title>
<body>

<p>
Let's take a look at this very simple <c>emerge</c> error:
</p>

<pre caption="emerge Error">
gcc -D__TEST__ -D__GNU__ -D__LINUX__ -L/usr/lib -I/usr/include -L/usr/lib/nspr/ -I/usr/include/fmod   -c -o foobar2-7.o foobar2-7.c
gcc -D__TEST__ -D__GNU__ -D__LINUX__ -L/usr/lib -I/usr/include -L/usr/lib/nspr/ -I/usr/include/fmod   -c -o foobar2-8.o foobar2-8.c
gcc -D__TEST__ -D__GNU__ -D__LINUX__ -L/usr/lib -I/usr/include -L/usr/lib/nspr/ -I/usr/include/fmod   -c -o foobar2-9.o foobar2-9.c
gcc -D__TEST__ -D__GNU__ -D__LINUX__ -L/usr/lib -I/usr/include -L/usr/lib/nspr/ -I/usr/include/fmod   -c -o foobar2.o foobar2.c
foobar2.c:1:17: ogg.h: No such file or directory
make: *** [foobar2.o] Error 1

!!! ERROR: sys-apps/foobar2-1.0 failed.
!!! Function src_compile, Line 19, Exitcode 2
!!! Make failed!
!!! If you need support, post the topmost build error, NOT this status message
</pre>

<p>
The program is compiling smoothly when it suddenly stops and presents an error
message. This particular error can be split into 3 different sections, The
compile messages, the build error, and the emerge error message as shown below.
</p>

<pre caption="Parts of the error">
<comment>(Compilation Messages)</comment>
gcc -D__TEST__ -D__GNU__ -D__LINUX__ -L/usr/lib -I/usr/include -L/usr/lib/nspr/ -I/usr/include/fmod   -c -o foobar2-7.o foobar2-7.c
gcc -D__TEST__ -D__GNU__ -D__LINUX__ -L/usr/lib -I/usr/include -L/usr/lib/nspr/ -I/usr/include/fmod   -c -o foobar2-8.o foobar2-8.c
gcc -D__TEST__ -D__GNU__ -D__LINUX__ -L/usr/lib -I/usr/include -L/usr/lib/nspr/ -I/usr/include/fmod   -c -o foobar2-9.o foobar2-9.c
gcc -D__TEST__ -D__GNU__ -D__LINUX__ -L/usr/lib -I/usr/include -L/usr/lib/nspr/ -I/usr/include/fmod   -c -o foobar2.o foobar2.c

<comment>(Build Error)</comment>
foobar2.c:1:17: ogg.h: No such file or directory
make: *** [foobar2.o] Error 1

<comment>(emerge Error)</comment>
!!! ERROR: sys-apps/foobar2-1.0 failed.
!!! Function src_compile, Line 19, Exitcode 2
!!! Make failed!
!!! If you need support, post the topmost build error, NOT this status message
</pre>

<p>
The compilation messages are what lead up to the error. Most often, it's good to
at least include 10 lines of compile information so that the developer knows
where the compilation was at when the error occurred.
</p>

<p>
Make errors are the actual error and the information the developer needs. When
you see "make: ***", this is often where the error has occurred. Normally, you
can copy and paste 10 lines above it and the developer will be able to address
the issue. However, this may not always work and we'll take a look at an
alternative shortly.
</p>

<p>
The emerge error is what <c>emerge</c> throws out as an error. Sometimes, this
might also contain some important information. Often people make the mistake of
posting the emerge error and that's all. This is useless by itself, but with
make error and compile information, a developer can get what application and
what version of the package is failing. As a side note, make is commonly used as
the build process for programs (<b>but not always</b>). If you can't find a
"make: ***" error anywhere, then simply copy and paste 20 lines before the
emerge error. This should take care of most all build system error messages. Now
let's say the errors seem to be quite large. 10 lines won't be enough to catch
everything. That's where PORT_LOGDIR comes into play.
</p>

</body>
</section>
<section>
<title>emerge and PORT_LOGDIR</title>
<body>

<p>
PORT_LOGDIR is a portage variable that sets up a log directory for separate
emerge logs. Let's take a look and see what that entails. First, run your emerge
with PORT_LOGDIR set to your favorite log location. Let's say we have a
location <path>/var/log/portage</path>. We'll use that for our log directory:
</p>

<note>
In the default setup, <path>/var/log/portage</path> does not exist, and you will
most likely have to create it. If you do not, portage will fail to write the
logs.
</note>

<pre caption="emerge-ing With PORT_LOGDIR">
# <i>PORT_LOGDIR=/var/log/portage emerge foobar2</i>
</pre>

<p>
Now the emerge fails again. However, this time we have a log we can work with,
and attach to the bug later on. Let's take a quick look at our log directory.
</p>

<pre caption="PORT_LOGDIR Contents">
# <i>ls -la /var/log/portage</i>
total 16
drwxrws---   2 root root 4096 Jun 30 10:08 .
drwxr-xr-x  15 root root 4096 Jun 30 10:08 ..
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 7390 Jun 30 10:09 2115-foobar2-1.0.log
</pre>

<p>
The log files have the format [counter]-[package name]-[version].log. Counter
is a special variable that is meant to state this package as the n-th package
you've emerged. This prevents duplicate logs from appearing. A quick look at
the log file will show the entire emerge process. This can be attached later
on as we'll see in the bug reporting section. Now that we've safely obtained
our information needed to report the bug we can continue to do so. However,
before we get started on that, we need to make sure no one else has reported
the issue.
</p>

</body>
</section>
</chapter>
</guide>