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<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
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<!-- $Header: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/guide-localization.xml,v 1.67 2013/01/14 06:14:14 nightmorph Exp $ -->
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<!DOCTYPE guide SYSTEM "/dtd/guide.dtd">
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<guide>
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<title>Gentoo Linux Localization Guide</title>
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<author title="Author">
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Alexander Holler
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</author>
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<author title="Translator/Editor">
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<mail link="slucy@uchicago.edu">Steven Lucy</mail>
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</author>
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<author title="Editor">
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<mail link="bennyc@gentoo.org">Benny Chuang</mail>
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</author>
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<author title="Editor">
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<mail link="pylon@gentoo.org">Lars Weiler</mail>
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</author>
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<author title="Editor">
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<mail link="dertobi123@gentoo.org">Tobias Scherbaum</mail>
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</author>
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<author title="Editor">
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<mail link="flammie@gentoo.org">Flammie Pirinen</mail>
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</author>
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<author title="Editor">
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<mail link="nightmorph"/>
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</author>
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<author title="Editor">
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<mail link="klondike"/>
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</author>
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<abstract>
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This guide should help users localize their Gentoo Linux distribution to any
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European locale. It uses Germany as a case-study, since it is translated from
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the German doc. Includes configuration for use of the euro currency symbol.
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</abstract>
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<version>5</version>
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<date>2013-01-13</date>
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<chapter>
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<title>Time zone</title>
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<section>
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<body>
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<p>
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In order to keep time properly, you need to select your timezone so that your
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system knows where it is located. Look for your timezone in
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<path>/usr/share/zoneinfo</path>. You then set your timezone in
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<path>/etc/timezone</path>. Please avoid the
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<path>/usr/share/zoneinfo/Etc/GMT*</path> timezones as their names do not
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indicate the expected zones. For instance, <path>GMT-8</path> is in fact GMT+8.
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</p>
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<pre caption="Setting the timezone information">
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# <i>ls /usr/share/zoneinfo</i>
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<comment>(Suppose you want to use Brussels)</comment>
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<comment>(First copy the proper zone to localtime)</comment>
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# <i>cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Brussels /etc/localtime</i>
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<comment>(Now specify your timezone)</comment>
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# <i>nano -w /etc/timezone</i>
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Europe/Brussels
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# <i>date</i>
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Wed Mar 8 00:46:05 CET 2006
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</pre>
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<note>
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Make sure that the timezone indicator (in this case "CET")
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is correct for your area.
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</note>
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<note>
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You can set the value of <c>TZ</c> to be everything after the
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<path>/usr/share/zoneinfo</path> in your shell rc file
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(<path>.bash_profile</path> for bash) for a user-level setting. In this case
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<c>TZ="Europe/Berlin"</c>.
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</note>
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</body>
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</section>
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</chapter>
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<chapter>
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<title>Hardware Clock</title>
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<section>
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<body>
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<p>
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In most Gentoo Linux installations, your hardware clock is set to
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UTC (or GMT, Greenwich Mean Time) and then your timezone is
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taken into account to determine the actual, local time. If,
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for some reason, you need your hardware clock not to be in UTC,
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you will need to edit <path>/etc/conf.d/hwclock</path> (or if you use Gentoo
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BSD: <path>/etc/conf.d/adjkerntz</path>) and change the
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value of <c>clock</c> from <c>UTC</c> to <c>local</c>.
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</p>
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<pre caption="local vs. GMT clock">
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<comment>(recommended:)</comment>
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clock="UTC"
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<comment>(or:)</comment>
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clock="local"
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</pre>
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</body>
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</section>
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</chapter>
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<chapter>
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<title>Locale system</title>
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<section>
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<title>What are locales?</title>
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<body>
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<p>
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A Locale is a set of information that most programs use for determining country
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and language specific settings. The locales and their data are part of the
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system library and can be found at <path>/usr/share/locale</path> on most
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systems. A locale name is generally named <c>ab_CD</c> where <c>ab</c> is your
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two (or three) letter language code (as specified in ISO-639) and <c>CD</c> is
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your two letter country code (as specified in ISO-3166). Variants are often
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appended to locale names, e.g. <c>en_GB.UTF-8</c> or <c>de_DE@euro</c>. Please
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explore <uri link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locale">Wikipedia</uri> to read
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more about locales and related articles.
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</p>
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</body>
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</section>
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<section id="variables">
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<title>Environment variables for locales</title>
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<body>
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<p>
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Locale settings are stored in environment variables. These are typically
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set in the <path>/etc/env.d/02locale</path> (for system-wide
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settings) and <path>~/.bashrc</path> (for user-specific settings) file.
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The variables controlling different aspects of locale settings
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are given in the table below. All of them
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take one name of a locale in <c>ab_CD</c> format given above.
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</p>
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<table>
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<tr>
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<th>Variable name</th>
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<th>Explanation</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>LANG</ti>
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<ti>
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Defines all locale settings at once, while allowing further individual
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customization via the LC_* settings below.
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</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>LC_COLLATE</ti>
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<ti>
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Define alphabetical ordering of strings. This affects e.g. output of sorted
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directory listing.
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</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>LC_CTYPE</ti>
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<ti>
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Define the character handling properties for the system. This determines
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which characters are seen as part of alphabet, numeric and so on. This also
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determines the character set used, if applicable.
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</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>LC_MESSAGES</ti>
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<ti>
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Programs' localizations for applications that use message based localization
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scheme (majority of Gnu programs, see next chapters for closer information
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which do, and how to get the programs, that don't, to work).
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</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>LC_MONETARY</ti>
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<ti>Defines currency units and formatting of currency type numeric values.</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>LC_NUMERIC</ti>
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<ti>
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Defines formatting of numeric values which aren't monetary. Affects things
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such as thousand separator and decimal separator.
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</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>LC_TIME</ti>
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<ti>Defines formatting of dates and times.</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>LC_PAPER</ti>
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<ti>Defines default paper size.</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>LC_ALL</ti>
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<ti>
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A special variable for overriding all other settings.
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</ti>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<note>
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Some programs are written in such a way that they expect traditional English
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ordering of the alphabet, while some locales, most notably the Estonian one, use
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a different ordering. Therefore it's recommended to explicitly set LC_COLLATE to C
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when dealing with system-wide settings.
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</note>
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<warn>
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Using LC_ALL is strongly discouraged as it can't be overridden later on. Please
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use it only when testing and <e>never</e> set it in a startup file.
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</warn>
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<p>
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Most typically users only set the LANG variable on the global basis. This
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example is for a unicode German locale:
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</p>
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<pre caption="Setting the default system locale in /etc/env.d/02locale">
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LANG="de_DE.UTF-8"
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LC_COLLATE="C"
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</pre>
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<note>
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Use <c>de_DE@euro</c> as your LANG if you want to use the Euro currency symbol
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(€) on non UTF-8 based locales.
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</note>
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<p>
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A list of locales that can be used is provided as
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<path>/usr/portage/profiles/desc/linguas.desc</path>:
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</p>
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<pre caption="Getting usable locales for the French language">
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$ <i>grep -i french /usr/portage/profiles/desc/linguas.desc</i>
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fr - French locale
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fr_CA - French locale for Canada
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fr_FR - French locale for France
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</pre>
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<p>
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It's also possible, and pretty common especially in a more traditional UNIX
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environment, to leave the global settings unchanged, i.e. in the "<c>C</c>"
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locale. Users can still specify their preferred locale in their own shell RC
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file:
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</p>
|
| 250 |
|
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<pre caption="Setting the user locale in ~/.bashrc">
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export LANG="de_DE.UTF-8"
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export LC_COLLATE="C"
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</pre>
|
| 255 |
|
| 256 |
<p>
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| 257 |
Another way of configuring system is to leave it in the default C locale, but
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enable UTF-8 character representation at the same time. This option is achieved
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using the following settings in <path>/etc/env.d/02locale</path>:
|
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</p>
|
| 261 |
|
| 262 |
<pre caption="Using traditional C locale while specifying UTF-8">
|
| 263 |
LC_CTYPE=de_DE.UTF-8
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| 264 |
</pre>
|
| 265 |
|
| 266 |
<p>
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| 267 |
Using the above snippet, users will be able to see localized file names
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properly, while not being forced to your preferred language.
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| 269 |
</p>
|
| 270 |
|
| 271 |
<p>
|
| 272 |
For message based localization to work in programs that support it, you will
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probably need to have programs compiled with the <c>nls</c> (Native language
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support) USE flag set. Most of the programs using nls also need the gettext
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| 275 |
library to extract and use localized messages. Of course, Portage will
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automatically install it when needed.
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| 277 |
</p>
|
| 278 |
|
| 279 |
<p>
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| 280 |
Once you have set the right locale, be sure to update your environment
|
| 281 |
variables to make your system aware of the change:
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| 282 |
</p>
|
| 283 |
|
| 284 |
<pre caption="Update the environment">
|
| 285 |
<comment>(For system-wide default locale:)</comment>
|
| 286 |
# <i>env-update && source /etc/profile</i>
|
| 287 |
|
| 288 |
<comment>(For user-specific locale:)</comment>
|
| 289 |
$ <i>source ~/.bashrc</i>
|
| 290 |
</pre>
|
| 291 |
|
| 292 |
<p>
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| 293 |
After this, you will need to kill your X server by pressing
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<c>Ctrl-Alt-Backspace</c>, log out, then log in as user.
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| 295 |
</p>
|
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|
| 297 |
<p>
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| 298 |
Now, verify that the changes have taken effect:
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| 299 |
</p>
|
| 300 |
|
| 301 |
<pre caption="Verify env changes">
|
| 302 |
$ <i>locale</i>
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</pre>
|
| 304 |
|
| 305 |
<p>
|
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There is also additional localisation variable called LINGUAS, which affects
|
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to localisation files that get installed in gettext-based programs, and decides
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| 308 |
used localisation for some specific software packages, such as
|
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<c>kde-base/kde-l10n</c> and <c>app-office/libreoffice</c>. The variable
|
| 310 |
takes in <e>space</e>-separated list of language codes, and suggested
|
| 311 |
place to set it is <path>/etc/portage/make.conf</path>:
|
| 312 |
</p>
|
| 313 |
|
| 314 |
<pre caption="Setting LINGUAS in make.conf">
|
| 315 |
# <i>nano -w /etc/portage/make.conf</i>
|
| 316 |
<comment>(Add in the LINGUAS variable. For instance,
|
| 317 |
for German, Finnish and English:)</comment>
|
| 318 |
LINGUAS="de fi en"
|
| 319 |
</pre>
|
| 320 |
|
| 321 |
|
| 322 |
</body>
|
| 323 |
</section>
|
| 324 |
<section>
|
| 325 |
<title>Generating Specific Locales</title>
|
| 326 |
<body>
|
| 327 |
|
| 328 |
<p>
|
| 329 |
You will probably only use one or maybe two locales on your system. You can
|
| 330 |
specify locales you will need in <path>/etc/locale.gen</path>.
|
| 331 |
</p>
|
| 332 |
|
| 333 |
<pre caption="Adding locales to /etc/locale.gen">
|
| 334 |
en_GB ISO-8859-1
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| 335 |
en_GB.UTF-8 UTF-8
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| 336 |
de_DE ISO-8859-1
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| 337 |
de_DE@euro ISO-8859-15
|
| 338 |
</pre>
|
| 339 |
|
| 340 |
<p>
|
| 341 |
The next step is to run <c>locale-gen</c>. It will generate all the locales you
|
| 342 |
have specified in the <path>/etc/locale.gen</path> file.
|
| 343 |
</p>
|
| 344 |
|
| 345 |
<note>
|
| 346 |
<c>locale-gen</c> is available in <c>glibc-2.3.6-r4</c> and newer. If you have
|
| 347 |
an older version of glibc, you should update it now.
|
| 348 |
</note>
|
| 349 |
|
| 350 |
<p>
|
| 351 |
You can verify that your selected locales are available by running <c>locale
|
| 352 |
-a</c>.
|
| 353 |
</p>
|
| 354 |
|
| 355 |
</body>
|
| 356 |
</section>
|
| 357 |
</chapter>
|
| 358 |
|
| 359 |
<chapter>
|
| 360 |
<title>Keyboard layout for the console</title>
|
| 361 |
<section>
|
| 362 |
<body>
|
| 363 |
|
| 364 |
<p>
|
| 365 |
The keyboard layout used by the console is set in
|
| 366 |
<path>/etc/conf.d/keymaps</path> by the <c>keymap</c> variable.
|
| 367 |
Valid values can be found in
|
| 368 |
<path>/usr/share/keymaps/<c>{arch}</c>/</path>.
|
| 369 |
<path>i386</path> has further subdivisions into layout
|
| 370 |
(<path>qwerty/</path>, <path>azerty/</path>, etc.). Some
|
| 371 |
languages have multiple options, so you may wish to experiment
|
| 372 |
to decide which one fits your needs best.
|
| 373 |
</p>
|
| 374 |
|
| 375 |
<pre caption="Setting the console keymap">
|
| 376 |
keymap="de"
|
| 377 |
keymap="de-latin1"
|
| 378 |
keymap="de-latin1-nodeadkeys"
|
| 379 |
</pre>
|
| 380 |
|
| 381 |
</body>
|
| 382 |
</section>
|
| 383 |
</chapter>
|
| 384 |
|
| 385 |
<chapter>
|
| 386 |
<title>Keyboard layout for the X server</title>
|
| 387 |
<section>
|
| 388 |
<body>
|
| 389 |
|
| 390 |
<p>
|
| 391 |
The keyboard layout to be used by the X server is specified
|
| 392 |
in <path>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</path> by the <c>XkbLayout</c>
|
| 393 |
option.
|
| 394 |
</p>
|
| 395 |
|
| 396 |
<pre caption="Setting the X keymap">
|
| 397 |
Section "InputClass"
|
| 398 |
Identifier "keyboard-all"
|
| 399 |
Driver "evdev"
|
| 400 |
Option "XkbLayout" "de"
|
| 401 |
#Option "XkbModel" "pc105"
|
| 402 |
MatchIsKeyboard "on"
|
| 403 |
EndSection
|
| 404 |
</pre>
|
| 405 |
|
| 406 |
<p>
|
| 407 |
If you have an international keyboard layout, you should set the option
|
| 408 |
<c>XkbModel</c> to <c>pc102</c> or <c>pc105</c>, as this will allow mapping of the
|
| 409 |
additional keys specific to your keyboard.
|
| 410 |
</p>
|
| 411 |
|
| 412 |
<p>
|
| 413 |
Deadkeys allow you to press keys that will not show immediately but will be
|
| 414 |
combined with another letter to produce a single character such as é,è,á,à,
|
| 415 |
etc. Setting <c>XkbVariant</c> to <c>nodeadkeys</c> allows input these special
|
| 416 |
characters into X terminals.
|
| 417 |
</p>
|
| 418 |
|
| 419 |
<p>
|
| 420 |
If you would like to switch between more than one keyboard layout (for example
|
| 421 |
English and Russian), all you have to do is add a few lines to
|
| 422 |
<path>xorg.conf</path> that specify the desired layouts and the shortcut
|
| 423 |
command.
|
| 424 |
</p>
|
| 425 |
|
| 426 |
<pre caption="Switching between two keyboard layouts">
|
| 427 |
Section "InputClass"
|
| 428 |
Identifier "keyboard-all"
|
| 429 |
Driver "evdev"
|
| 430 |
Option "XkbLayout" "us,ru"
|
| 431 |
Option "XkbOptions" "grp:alt_shift_toggle,grp_led:scroll"
|
| 432 |
MatchIsKeyboard "on"
|
| 433 |
EndSection
|
| 434 |
</pre>
|
| 435 |
|
| 436 |
<p>
|
| 437 |
Here, <c>XkbOptions</c> allows you to toggle between keyboard layouts by simply
|
| 438 |
pressing <c>Alt-Shift</c>. This will also toggle the Scroll Lock light on or
|
| 439 |
off, thanks to the <c>grp_led:scroll</c> option. This is a handy visual
|
| 440 |
indicator of which keyboard layout you are using at the moment.
|
| 441 |
</p>
|
| 442 |
|
| 443 |
</body>
|
| 444 |
</section>
|
| 445 |
</chapter>
|
| 446 |
|
| 447 |
<chapter>
|
| 448 |
<title>KDE</title>
|
| 449 |
<section>
|
| 450 |
<body>
|
| 451 |
|
| 452 |
<p>
|
| 453 |
For KDE you have to install the <c>kde-base/kde-l10n</c> and
|
| 454 |
<c>app-office/calligra-l10n</c> packages. These respect the <uri
|
| 455 |
link="#variables">LINGUAS variable</uri> described earlier.
|
| 456 |
</p>
|
| 457 |
|
| 458 |
</body>
|
| 459 |
</section>
|
| 460 |
</chapter>
|
| 461 |
|
| 462 |
<chapter>
|
| 463 |
<title>The Euro Symbol for the Console</title>
|
| 464 |
<section>
|
| 465 |
<body>
|
| 466 |
|
| 467 |
<p>
|
| 468 |
In order to get your console to display the Euro symbol, you will need to set
|
| 469 |
<c>consolefont</c> in <path>/etc/conf.d/consolefont</path> to a file found in
|
| 470 |
<path>/usr/share/consolefonts/</path> (without the <c>.psfu.gz</c>).
|
| 471 |
<c>lat9w-16</c> has the Euro symbol.
|
| 472 |
</p>
|
| 473 |
|
| 474 |
<pre caption="Setting the console font">
|
| 475 |
consolefont="lat9w-16"
|
| 476 |
</pre>
|
| 477 |
|
| 478 |
<p>
|
| 479 |
You should verify that <c>consolefont</c> is in the boot runlevel:
|
| 480 |
</p>
|
| 481 |
|
| 482 |
<pre caption="Verify the proper runlevel">
|
| 483 |
# <i>rc-update -v show | grep consolefont</i>
|
| 484 |
</pre>
|
| 485 |
|
| 486 |
<p>
|
| 487 |
If no runlevel is displayed for <c>consolefont</c>, then add it to the proper level:
|
| 488 |
</p>
|
| 489 |
|
| 490 |
<pre caption="Add consolefont to boot">
|
| 491 |
# <i>rc-update add consolefont boot</i>
|
| 492 |
</pre>
|
| 493 |
|
| 494 |
</body>
|
| 495 |
</section>
|
| 496 |
</chapter>
|
| 497 |
|
| 498 |
<chapter>
|
| 499 |
<title>The Euro Symbol in X</title>
|
| 500 |
<section>
|
| 501 |
<title>Most Applications</title>
|
| 502 |
<body>
|
| 503 |
|
| 504 |
<p>
|
| 505 |
Getting the Euro symbol to work properly in X is a little bit tougher. The
|
| 506 |
first thing you should do is change the <c>fixed</c> and <c>variable</c>
|
| 507 |
definitions in <path>/usr/share/fonts/misc/fonts.alias</path> to end in
|
| 508 |
<c>iso8859-15</c> instead of <c>iso8859-1</c>.
|
| 509 |
</p>
|
| 510 |
|
| 511 |
<pre caption="Setting default X fonts">
|
| 512 |
fixed -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-iso8859-15
|
| 513 |
variable -*-helvetica-bold-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-15
|
| 514 |
</pre>
|
| 515 |
|
| 516 |
<p>
|
| 517 |
Some applications use their own font, and you will have to tell them separately
|
| 518 |
to use a font with the Euro symbol. You can do this at a user-specific level in
|
| 519 |
<path>.Xdefaults</path> (you can copy this file to <path>/etc/skel/</path> for
|
| 520 |
use by new users), or at a global level for any application with a resource file
|
| 521 |
in <path>/usr/share/X11/app-defaults/</path> (like xterm). In these files you
|
| 522 |
generally have to change an existing line, rather than adding a new one. To
|
| 523 |
change our xterm font, for instance:
|
| 524 |
</p>
|
| 525 |
|
| 526 |
<pre caption="Setting fonts for xterm">
|
| 527 |
<comment>(in your home directory)</comment>
|
| 528 |
$ <i>echo 'XTerm*font: fixed' >> .Xresources </i>
|
| 529 |
$ <i>xrdb -merge .Xresources</i>
|
| 530 |
</pre>
|
| 531 |
|
| 532 |
</body>
|
| 533 |
</section>
|
| 534 |
<section>
|
| 535 |
<title>The Euro symbol in (X)Emacs</title>
|
| 536 |
<body>
|
| 537 |
|
| 538 |
<p>
|
| 539 |
To use the Euro symbol in (X)Emacs, add the following to
|
| 540 |
<path>.Xdefaults</path>:
|
| 541 |
</p>
|
| 542 |
|
| 543 |
<pre caption="setting the font for emacs">
|
| 544 |
Emacs.default.attributeFont: -*-courier-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-15
|
| 545 |
</pre>
|
| 546 |
|
| 547 |
<p>
|
| 548 |
For XEmacs (not plain Emacs), you have to do a little
|
| 549 |
more. In <path>/home/user/.xemacs/init.el</path>, add:
|
| 550 |
</p>
|
| 551 |
|
| 552 |
<pre caption="setting the font for xemacs">
|
| 553 |
(define-key global-map '(EuroSign) '[€])
|
| 554 |
</pre>
|
| 555 |
|
| 556 |
<note>
|
| 557 |
The symbol in the []s is the Euro symbol.
|
| 558 |
</note>
|
| 559 |
|
| 560 |
</body>
|
| 561 |
</section>
|
| 562 |
<section>
|
| 563 |
<title>LibreOffice</title>
|
| 564 |
<body>
|
| 565 |
|
| 566 |
<p>
|
| 567 |
The current stable <c>app-office/libreoffice</c> and
|
| 568 |
<c>app-office/libreoffice-bin</c> ebuilds support the <uri
|
| 569 |
link="#variables">LINGUAS variable</uri> for selecting installed GUI language
|
| 570 |
packs. To see the status of GUI translation, hyphenation, spell checking and
|
| 571 |
other localisations on your language, please refer to <uri
|
| 572 |
link="https://translations.documentfoundation.org/">LibreOffice translation web
|
| 573 |
site</uri>.
|
| 574 |
</p>
|
| 575 |
|
| 576 |
</body>
|
| 577 |
</section>
|
| 578 |
</chapter>
|
| 579 |
|
| 580 |
</guide>
|
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