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<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> |
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<!DOCTYPE sections SYSTEM "/dtd/book.dtd"> |
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|
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<!-- The content of this document is licensed under the CC-BY-SA license --> |
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<!-- See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5 --> |
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|
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<!-- $Header: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-config.xml,v 1.108 2011/10/30 11:56:08 swift Exp $ --> |
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|
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<sections> |
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|
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<abstract> |
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You need to edit some important configuration files. In this chapter |
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you receive an overview of these files and an explanation on how to |
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proceed. |
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</abstract> |
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|
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<version>16</version> |
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<date>2012-02-22</date> |
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|
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<section> |
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<title>Filesystem Information</title> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>What is fstab?</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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Under Linux, all partitions used by the system must be listed in |
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<path>/etc/fstab</path>. This file contains the mount points of those partitions |
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(where they are seen in the file system structure), how they should be mounted |
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and with what special options (automatically or not, whether users can mount |
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them or not, etc.) |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Creating /etc/fstab</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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<path>/etc/fstab</path> uses a special syntax. Every line consists of six |
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fields, separated by whitespace (space(s), tabs or a mixture). Each field has |
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its own meaning: |
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</p> |
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|
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<ul> |
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<li> |
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The first field shows the <b>partition</b> described (the path to the device |
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file) |
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</li> |
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<li> |
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The second field shows the <b>mount point</b> at which the partition should be |
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mounted |
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</li> |
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<li> |
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The third field shows the <b>filesystem</b> used by the partition |
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</li> |
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<li> |
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The fourth field shows the <b>mount options</b> used by <c>mount</c> when it |
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wants to mount the partition. As every filesystem has its own mount options, |
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you are encouraged to read the mount man page (<c>man mount</c>) for a full |
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listing. Multiple mount options are comma-separated. |
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</li> |
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<li> |
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The fifth field is used by <c>dump</c> to determine if the partition needs to |
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be <b>dump</b>ed or not. You can generally leave this as <c>0</c> (zero). |
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</li> |
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<li> |
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The sixth field is used by <c>fsck</c> to determine the order in which |
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filesystems should be <b>check</b>ed if the system wasn't shut down properly. |
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The root filesystem should have <c>1</c> while the rest should have <c>2</c> |
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(or <c>0</c> if a filesystem check isn't necessary). |
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</li> |
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</ul> |
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|
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<impo> |
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The default <path>/etc/fstab</path> file provided by Gentoo <e>is not a valid |
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fstab file</e>. You <b>have to create</b> your own <path>/etc/fstab</path>. |
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</impo> |
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|
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<pre caption="Opening /etc/fstab"> |
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# <i>nano -w /etc/fstab</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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</body> |
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<body test="func:keyval('/boot')"> |
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|
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<p> |
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Let us take a look at how we write down the options for the <path>/boot</path> |
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partition. This is just an example, if you didn't or couldn't create a |
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<path>/boot</path>, don't copy it. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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In our default <keyval id="arch"/> partitioning example, <path>/boot</path> is |
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usually the <path><keyval id="/boot"/></path> partition, with <c>ext2</c> as |
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filesystem. It needs to be checked during boot, so we would write down: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="An example /boot line for /etc/fstab"> |
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<keyval id="/boot"/> /boot ext2 defaults 1 2 |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Some users don't want their <path>/boot</path> partition to be mounted |
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automatically to improve their system's security. Those people should |
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substitute <c>defaults</c> with <c>noauto</c>. This does mean that you need to |
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manually mount this partition every time you want to use it. |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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Add the rules that match your partitioning scheme and append rules for |
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your CD-ROM drive(s), and of course, if you have other partitions or drives, |
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for those too. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now use the <e>example</e> below to create your <path>/etc/fstab</path>: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="A full /etc/fstab example" test="func:keyval('arch')='HPPA'"> |
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<keyval id="/boot"/> /boot ext2 defaults,noatime 1 2 |
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/dev/sda3 none swap sw 0 0 |
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/dev/sda4 / ext3 noatime 0 1 |
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|
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/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom auto noauto,user 0 0 |
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|
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proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 |
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shm /dev/shm tmpfs nodev,nosuid,noexec 0 0 |
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</pre> |
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|
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<pre caption="A full /etc/fstab example" test="func:keyval('arch')='Alpha' or func:keyval('arch')='MIPS' or func:keyval('arch')='x86' or func:keyval('arch')='AMD64'"> |
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<keyval id="/boot"/> /boot ext2 defaults,noatime 1 2 |
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/dev/sda2 none swap sw 0 0 |
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/dev/sda3 / ext3 noatime 0 1 |
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|
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/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom auto noauto,user 0 0 |
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|
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proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 |
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shm /dev/shm tmpfs nodev,nosuid,noexec 0 0 |
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</pre> |
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|
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<pre caption="A full /etc/fstab example" test="func:keyval('arch')='SPARC'"> |
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/dev/sda1 / ext3 noatime 0 1 |
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/dev/sda2 none swap sw 0 0 |
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/dev/sda4 /usr ext3 noatime 0 2 |
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/dev/sda5 /var ext3 noatime 0 2 |
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/dev/sda6 /home ext3 noatime 0 2 |
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|
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<comment># You must add the rules for openprom</comment> |
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openprom /proc/openprom openpromfs defaults 0 0 |
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|
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/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom auto noauto,user 0 0 |
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|
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proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 |
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shm /dev/shm tmpfs nodev,nosuid,noexec 0 0 |
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</pre> |
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|
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<pre caption="A full /etc/fstab example" test="func:keyval('arch')='PPC' or |
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func:keyval('arch')='PPC64'"> |
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/dev/sda4 / ext3 noatime 0 1 |
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/dev/sda3 none swap sw 0 0 |
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|
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/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom auto noauto,user 0 0 |
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|
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proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 |
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shm /dev/shm tmpfs nodev,nosuid,noexec 0 0 |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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<c>auto</c> makes <c>mount</c> guess for the filesystem (recommended for |
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removable media as they can be created with one of many filesystems) and |
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<c>user</c> makes it possible for non-root users to mount the CD. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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To improve performance, most users would want to add the <c>noatime</c> |
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mount option, which results in a faster system since access times |
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aren't registered (you don't need those generally anyway). |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Double-check your <path>/etc/fstab</path>, save and quit to continue. |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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</section> |
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<section> |
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<title>Networking Information</title> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Host name, Domainname, etc</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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One of the choices the user has to make is name his/her PC. This seems to be |
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quite easy, but <e>lots</e> of users are having difficulties finding the |
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appropriate name for their Linux-pc. To speed things up, know that any name you |
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choose can be changed afterwards. For all we care, you can just call your system |
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<c>tux</c> and domain <c>homenetwork</c>. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Setting the host name"> |
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# <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/hostname</i> |
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|
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<comment>(Set the hostname variable to your host name)</comment> |
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hostname="<i>tux</i>" |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Second, <e>if</e> you need a domainname, set it in <path>/etc/conf.d/net</path>. |
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You only need a domain if your ISP or network administrator says so, or if you |
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have a DNS server but not a DHCP server. You don't need to worry about DNS or |
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domainnames if your networking is setup for DHCP. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Setting the domainname"> |
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# <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/net</i> |
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|
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<comment>(Set the dns_domain variable to your domain name)</comment> |
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dns_domain_lo="<i>homenetwork</i>" |
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</pre> |
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|
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<note> |
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If you choose not to set a domainname, you can get rid of the "This is |
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hostname.(none)" messages at your login screen by editing |
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<path>/etc/issue</path>. Just delete the string <c>.\O</c> from that file. |
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</note> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you have a NIS domain (if you don't know what that is, then you don't have |
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one), you need to define that one too: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Setting the NIS domainname"> |
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# <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/net</i> |
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|
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<comment>(Set the nis_domain variable to your NIS domain name)</comment> |
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nis_domain_lo="<i>my-nisdomain</i>" |
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</pre> |
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|
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<note> |
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For more information on configuring DNS and NIS, please read the examples |
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provided in <path>/usr/share/doc/openrc-*/net.example.bz2</path> which |
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can be read using <c>bzless</c>. Also, you may want to emerge <c>openresolv</c> |
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to help manage your DNS/NIS setup. |
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</note> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Configuring your Network</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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Before you get that "Hey, we've had that already"-feeling, you should remember |
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that the networking you set up in the beginning of the Gentoo installation was |
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just for the installation. Right now you are going to configure networking for |
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your Gentoo system permanently. |
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</p> |
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|
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<note> |
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More detailed information about networking, including advanced topics like |
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bonding, bridging, 802.1Q VLANs or wireless networking is covered in the <uri |
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link="?part=4">Gentoo Network Configuration</uri> section. |
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</note> |
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|
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<p> |
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All networking information is gathered in <path>/etc/conf.d/net</path>. It uses |
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a straightforward yet not intuitive syntax if you don't know how to set up |
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networking manually. But don't fear, we'll explain everything. A fully |
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commented example that covers many different configurations is available in |
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<path>/usr/share/doc/openrc-*/net.example.bz2</path>. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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DHCP is used by default. For DHCP to work, you will need to install a DHCP |
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client. This is described later in <uri |
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link="?part=1&chap=9#networking-tools">Installing Necessary System |
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Tools</uri>. Do not forget to install a DHCP client. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you need to configure your network connection either because you need |
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specific DHCP options or because you do not use DHCP at all, open |
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<path>/etc/conf.d/net</path> with your favorite editor (<c>nano</c> is used in |
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this example): |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Opening /etc/conf.d/net for editing"> |
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# <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/net</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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You will see the following file: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Default /etc/conf.d/net"> |
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# This blank configuration will automatically use DHCP for any net.* |
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# scripts in /etc/init.d. To create a more complete configuration, |
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# please review /usr/share/doc/openrc-*/net.example.bz2 and save |
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# your configuration in /etc/conf.d/net (this file :]!). |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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To enter your own IP address, netmask and gateway, you need |
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to set both <c>config_eth0</c> and <c>routes_eth0</c>: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Manually setting IP information for eth0"> |
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config_eth0="192.168.0.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 brd 192.168.0.255" |
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routes_eth0="default via 192.168.0.1" |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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To use DHCP, define <c>config_eth0</c>: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Automatically obtaining an IP address for eth0"> |
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config_eth0="dhcp" |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Please read <path>/usr/share/doc/openrc-*/net.example.bz2</path> for a |
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list of all available options. Be sure to also read your DHCP client manpage if |
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you need to set specific DHCP options. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you have several network interfaces repeat the above steps for |
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<c>config_eth1</c>, <c>config_eth2</c>, etc. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now save the configuration and exit to continue. |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Automatically Start Networking at Boot</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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To have your network interfaces activated at boot, you need to add them to the |
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default runlevel. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Adding net.eth0 to the default runlevel"> |
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# <i>cd /etc/init.d</i> |
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# <i>ln -s net.lo net.eth0</i> |
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# <i>rc-update add net.eth0 default</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you have several network interfaces, you need to create the appropriate |
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<path>net.eth1</path>, <path>net.eth2</path> etc. just like you did with |
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<path>net.eth0</path>. |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Writing Down Network Information</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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You now need to inform Linux about your network. This is defined in |
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<path>/etc/hosts</path> and helps in resolving host names to IP addresses for |
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hosts that aren't resolved by your nameserver. You need to define your system. |
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You may also want to define other systems on your network if you don't want to |
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set up your own internal DNS system. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Opening /etc/hosts"> |
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# <i>nano -w /etc/hosts</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<pre caption="Filling in the networking information"> |
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<comment>(This defines the current system)</comment> |
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127.0.0.1 tux.homenetwork tux localhost |
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|
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<comment>(Define extra systems on your network, |
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they need to have a static IP to be defined this way.)</comment> |
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192.168.0.5 jenny.homenetwork jenny |
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192.168.0.6 benny.homenetwork benny |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Save and exit the editor to continue. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p test="func:keyval('arch')='AMD64' or func:keyval('arch')='x86' or substring(func:keyval('arch'),1,3)='PPC'"> |
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If you don't have PCMCIA, you can now continue with <uri |
| 398 |
link="#sysinfo">System Information</uri>. PCMCIA-users should read the |
| 399 |
following topic on PCMCIA. |
| 400 |
</p> |
| 401 |
|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
| 404 |
<subsection test="func:keyval('arch')='AMD64' or func:keyval('arch')='x86' or substring(func:keyval('arch'),1,3)='PPC'"> |
| 405 |
<title>Optional: Get PCMCIA Working</title> |
| 406 |
<body> |
| 407 |
|
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<p> |
| 409 |
PCMCIA users should first install the <c>pcmciautils</c> package. |
| 410 |
</p> |
| 411 |
|
| 412 |
<pre caption="Installing pcmciautils"> |
| 413 |
# <i>emerge pcmciautils</i> |
| 414 |
</pre> |
| 415 |
|
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</body> |
| 417 |
</subsection> |
| 418 |
</section> |
| 419 |
|
| 420 |
<section id="sysinfo"> |
| 421 |
<title>System Information</title> |
| 422 |
<subsection> |
| 423 |
<title>Root Password</title> |
| 424 |
<body> |
| 425 |
|
| 426 |
<p> |
| 427 |
First we set the root password by typing: |
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</p> |
| 429 |
|
| 430 |
<pre caption="Setting the root password"> |
| 431 |
# <i>passwd</i> |
| 432 |
</pre> |
| 433 |
|
| 434 |
</body> |
| 435 |
</subsection> |
| 436 |
<subsection> |
| 437 |
<title>System Information</title> |
| 438 |
<body> |
| 439 |
|
| 440 |
<p> |
| 441 |
Gentoo uses <path>/etc/rc.conf</path> for general, system-wide configuration. |
| 442 |
Open up <path>/etc/rc.conf</path> and enjoy all the comments in that file :) |
| 443 |
</p> |
| 444 |
|
| 445 |
<pre caption="Opening /etc/rc.conf"> |
| 446 |
# <i>nano -w /etc/rc.conf</i> |
| 447 |
</pre> |
| 448 |
|
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<p> |
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When you're finished configuring <path>/etc/rc.conf</path>, save and exit. |
| 451 |
</p> |
| 452 |
|
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<p> |
| 454 |
As you can see, this file is well commented to help you set up the necessary |
| 455 |
configuration variables. You can configure your system to use unicode and |
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define your default editor and your display manager (like gdm or kdm). |
| 457 |
</p> |
| 458 |
|
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<p> |
| 460 |
Gentoo uses <path>/etc/conf.d/keymaps</path> to handle keyboard configuration. |
| 461 |
Edit it to configure your keyboard. |
| 462 |
</p> |
| 463 |
|
| 464 |
<pre caption="Opening /etc/conf.d/keymaps"> |
| 465 |
# <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/keymaps</i> |
| 466 |
</pre> |
| 467 |
|
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<p> |
| 469 |
Take special care with the <c>keymap</c> variable. If you select the wrong |
| 470 |
<c>keymap</c>, you will get weird results when typing on your keyboard. |
| 471 |
</p> |
| 472 |
|
| 473 |
<note test="substring(func:keyval('arch'),1,3)='PPC'"> |
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PPC uses x86 keymaps on most systems. |
| 475 |
</note> |
| 476 |
|
| 477 |
<p> |
| 478 |
When you're finished configuring <path>/etc/conf.d/keymaps</path>, save and |
| 479 |
exit. |
| 480 |
</p> |
| 481 |
|
| 482 |
<p> |
| 483 |
Gentoo uses <path>/etc/conf.d/hwclock</path> to set clock options. Edit it |
| 484 |
according to your needs. |
| 485 |
</p> |
| 486 |
|
| 487 |
<pre caption="Opening /etc/conf.d/hwclock"> |
| 488 |
# <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/hwclock</i> |
| 489 |
</pre> |
| 490 |
|
| 491 |
<p> |
| 492 |
If your hardware clock is not using UTC, you need to add <c>clock="local"</c> |
| 493 |
to the file. Otherwise you will notice some clock skew. |
| 494 |
</p> |
| 495 |
|
| 496 |
<p> |
| 497 |
When you're finished configuring <path>/etc/conf.d/hwclock</path>, save and |
| 498 |
exit. |
| 499 |
</p> |
| 500 |
|
| 501 |
<p> |
| 502 |
You should define the timezone that you previously copied to |
| 503 |
<path>/etc/localtime</path> in the <path>/etc/timezone</path> file so that |
| 504 |
further upgrades of the <c>sys-libs/timezone-data</c> package can update |
| 505 |
<path>/etc/localtime</path> automatically. For instance, if you used the |
| 506 |
Europe/Brussels timezone, you would write <c>Europe/Brussels</c> in the |
| 507 |
<path>/etc/timezone</path> file. |
| 508 |
</p> |
| 509 |
|
| 510 |
<p test="not(func:keyval('arch')='PPC64')"> |
| 511 |
Please continue with <uri link="?part=1&chap=9">Installing Necessary System |
| 512 |
Tools</uri>. |
| 513 |
</p> |
| 514 |
|
| 515 |
</body> |
| 516 |
</subsection> |
| 517 |
<subsection test="func:keyval('arch')='PPC64'"> |
| 518 |
<title>Configuring the Console</title> |
| 519 |
<body> |
| 520 |
|
| 521 |
<p> |
| 522 |
If you are using a virtual console, you must uncomment the appropriate line in |
| 523 |
<path>/etc/inittab</path> for the virtual console to spawn a login prompt. |
| 524 |
</p> |
| 525 |
|
| 526 |
<pre caption="Enabling hvc or hvsi support in /etc/inittab"> |
| 527 |
hvc0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty -L 9600 hvc0 |
| 528 |
hvsi:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty -L 19200 hvsi0 |
| 529 |
</pre> |
| 530 |
|
| 531 |
<p> |
| 532 |
You should also take this time to verify that the appropriate console is |
| 533 |
listed in <path>/etc/securetty</path>. |
| 534 |
</p> |
| 535 |
|
| 536 |
<p> |
| 537 |
You may now continue with <uri link="?part=1&chap=9">Installing Necessary |
| 538 |
System Tools</uri>. |
| 539 |
</p> |
| 540 |
|
| 541 |
</body> |
| 542 |
</subsection> |
| 543 |
</section> |
| 544 |
</sections> |
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