| 1 |
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> |
| 2 |
<!DOCTYPE sections SYSTEM "/dtd/book.dtd"> |
| 3 |
|
| 4 |
<!-- The content of this document is licensed under the CC-BY-SA license --> |
| 5 |
<!-- See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0 --> |
| 6 |
|
| 7 |
<!-- $Header: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/draft/hb-install-config.xml,v 1.5 2004/07/18 22:27:36 dertobi123 Exp $ --> |
| 8 |
|
| 9 |
<sections> |
| 10 |
<section> |
| 11 |
<title>Filesystem Information</title> |
| 12 |
<subsection> |
| 13 |
<title>What is fstab?</title> |
| 14 |
<body> |
| 15 |
|
| 16 |
<p> |
| 17 |
Under Linux, all partitions used by the system must be listed in |
| 18 |
<path>/etc/fstab</path>. This file contains the mountpoints of those partitions |
| 19 |
(where they are seen in the file system structure), how they should be mounted |
| 20 |
(special options) and when (automatically or not, can users mount those or not, |
| 21 |
etc.). |
| 22 |
</p> |
| 23 |
|
| 24 |
</body> |
| 25 |
</subsection> |
| 26 |
<subsection> |
| 27 |
<title>Creating /etc/fstab</title> |
| 28 |
<body> |
| 29 |
|
| 30 |
<p> |
| 31 |
<path>/etc/fstab</path> uses a special syntax. Every line consists of six |
| 32 |
fields, separated by whitespace (space(s), tabs or a mixture). Each field has |
| 33 |
its own meaning: |
| 34 |
</p> |
| 35 |
|
| 36 |
<ul> |
| 37 |
<li> |
| 38 |
The first field shows the <b>partition</b> described (the path to the device |
| 39 |
file) |
| 40 |
</li> |
| 41 |
<li> |
| 42 |
The second field shows the <b>mountpoint</b> at which the partition should be |
| 43 |
mounted |
| 44 |
</li> |
| 45 |
<li> |
| 46 |
The third field shows the <b>filesystem</b> used by the partition |
| 47 |
</li> |
| 48 |
<li> |
| 49 |
The fourth field shows the <b>mountoptions</b> used by <c>mount</c> when it |
| 50 |
wants to mount the partition. As every filesystem has its own mountoptions, |
| 51 |
you are encouraged to read the mount manpage (<c>man mount</c>) for a full |
| 52 |
listing. Multiple mountoptions are comma-separated. |
| 53 |
</li> |
| 54 |
<li> |
| 55 |
The fifth field is used by <c>dump</c> to determine if the partition needs to |
| 56 |
be <b>dump</b>ed or not. You can generally leave this as <c>0</c> (zero). |
| 57 |
</li> |
| 58 |
<li> |
| 59 |
The sixth field is used by <c>fsck</c> to determine the order in which |
| 60 |
filesystems should be <b>check</b>ed if the system wasn't shut down properly. |
| 61 |
The root filesystem should have <c>1</c> while the rest should have <c>2</c> |
| 62 |
(or <c>0</c> in case a filesystem check isn't necessary). |
| 63 |
</li> |
| 64 |
</ul> |
| 65 |
|
| 66 |
<p> |
| 67 |
So start <c>nano</c> (or your favorite editor) to create your |
| 68 |
<path>/etc/fstab</path>: |
| 69 |
</p> |
| 70 |
|
| 71 |
<pre caption="Opening /etc/fstab"> |
| 72 |
# <i>nano -w /etc/fstab</i> |
| 73 |
</pre> |
| 74 |
|
| 75 |
<p> |
| 76 |
Let us take a look at how we write down the options for the <path>/boot</path> |
| 77 |
partition. This is just an example, so if your architecture doesn't require a |
| 78 |
<path>/boot</path> partition (such as <b>PPC</b>), don't copy it verbatim. |
| 79 |
</p> |
| 80 |
|
| 81 |
<p> |
| 82 |
In our default x86 partitioning example <path>/boot</path> is the |
| 83 |
<path>/dev/hda1</path> partition, with <c>ext2</c> as filesystem. |
| 84 |
It needs to be checked during boot, so we would write down: |
| 85 |
</p> |
| 86 |
|
| 87 |
<pre caption="An example /boot line for /etc/fstab"> |
| 88 |
/dev/hda1 /boot ext2 defaults 1 2 |
| 89 |
</pre> |
| 90 |
|
| 91 |
<p> |
| 92 |
Some users don't want their <path>/boot</path> partition to be mounted |
| 93 |
automatically. Those people should substitute <c>defaults</c> with |
| 94 |
<c>noauto</c>. This does mean that you need to manually mount this partition |
| 95 |
every time you want to use it. |
| 96 |
</p> |
| 97 |
|
| 98 |
<p> |
| 99 |
Now, to improve performance, most users would want to add the <c>noatime</c> |
| 100 |
option as mountoption, which results in a faster system since access times |
| 101 |
aren't registered (you don't need those generally anyway): |
| 102 |
</p> |
| 103 |
|
| 104 |
<pre caption="An improved /boot line for /etc/fstab"> |
| 105 |
/dev/hda1 /boot ext2 noauto,noatime 1 2 |
| 106 |
</pre> |
| 107 |
|
| 108 |
<p> |
| 109 |
If we continue with this, we would end up with the following three lines (for |
| 110 |
<path>/boot</path>, <path>/</path> and the swap partition): |
| 111 |
</p> |
| 112 |
|
| 113 |
<pre caption="Three /etc/fstab lines"> |
| 114 |
/dev/hda1 /boot ext2 noauto,noatime 1 2 |
| 115 |
/dev/hda2 none swap sw 0 0 |
| 116 |
/dev/hda3 / ext3 noatime 0 1 |
| 117 |
</pre> |
| 118 |
|
| 119 |
<p> |
| 120 |
To finish up, you should add a rule for <path>/proc</path>, <c>tmpfs</c> |
| 121 |
(required) and for your CD-ROM drive (and of course, if you have other |
| 122 |
partitions or drives, for those too): |
| 123 |
</p> |
| 124 |
|
| 125 |
<pre caption="A full /etc/fstab example"> |
| 126 |
/dev/hda1 /boot ext2 noauto,noatime 1 2 |
| 127 |
/dev/hda2 none swap sw 0 0 |
| 128 |
/dev/hda3 / ext3 noatime 0 1 |
| 129 |
|
| 130 |
none /proc proc defaults 0 0 |
| 131 |
none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 |
| 132 |
|
| 133 |
/dev/cdroms/cdrom0 /mnt/cdrom auto noauto,user 0 0 |
| 134 |
</pre> |
| 135 |
|
| 136 |
<p> |
| 137 |
<c>auto</c> makes <c>mount</c> guess for the filesystem (recommended for |
| 138 |
removable media as they can be created with one of many filesystems) and |
| 139 |
<c>user</c> makes it possible for non-root users to mount the CD. |
| 140 |
</p> |
| 141 |
|
| 142 |
<p> |
| 143 |
Now use the above example to create your <path>/etc/fstab</path>. If you are a |
| 144 |
<b>SPARC</b>-user, you should add the following line to your |
| 145 |
<path>/etc/fstab</path> |
| 146 |
too: |
| 147 |
</p> |
| 148 |
|
| 149 |
<pre caption="Adding openprom filesystem to /etc/fstab"> |
| 150 |
none /proc/openprom openpromfs defaults 0 0 |
| 151 |
</pre> |
| 152 |
|
| 153 |
<p> |
| 154 |
If you need <c>usbfs</c>, add the following line to <path>/etc/fstab</path>: |
| 155 |
</p> |
| 156 |
|
| 157 |
<pre caption="Adding usbfs filesystem to /etc/fstab"> |
| 158 |
none /proc/bus/usb usbfs defaults 0 0 |
| 159 |
</pre> |
| 160 |
|
| 161 |
<p> |
| 162 |
Double-check your <path>/etc/fstab</path>, save and quit to continue. |
| 163 |
</p> |
| 164 |
|
| 165 |
</body> |
| 166 |
</subsection> |
| 167 |
</section> |
| 168 |
<section> |
| 169 |
<title>Networking Information</title> |
| 170 |
<subsection> |
| 171 |
<title>Hostname, Domainname etc.</title> |
| 172 |
<body> |
| 173 |
|
| 174 |
<p> |
| 175 |
One of the choices the user has to make is name his/her PC. This seems to be |
| 176 |
quite easy, but <e>lots</e> of users are having difficulties finding the |
| 177 |
appropriate name for their Linux-pc. To speed things up, know that any name you |
| 178 |
choose can be changed afterwards. For all we care, you can just call your system |
| 179 |
<c>tux</c> and domain <c>homenetwork</c>. |
| 180 |
</p> |
| 181 |
|
| 182 |
<p> |
| 183 |
We use these values in the next examples. First we set the hostname: |
| 184 |
</p> |
| 185 |
|
| 186 |
<pre caption="Setting the hostname"> |
| 187 |
# <i>echo tux > /etc/hostname</i> |
| 188 |
</pre> |
| 189 |
|
| 190 |
<p> |
| 191 |
Second we set the domainname: |
| 192 |
</p> |
| 193 |
|
| 194 |
<pre caption="Setting the domainname"> |
| 195 |
# <i>echo homenetwork > /etc/dnsdomainname</i> |
| 196 |
</pre> |
| 197 |
|
| 198 |
<p> |
| 199 |
If you have a NIS domain (if you don't know what that is, then you don't have |
| 200 |
one), you need to define that one too: |
| 201 |
</p> |
| 202 |
|
| 203 |
<pre caption="Setting the NIS domainname"> |
| 204 |
# <i>echo nis.homenetwork > /etc/nisdomainname</i> |
| 205 |
</pre> |
| 206 |
|
| 207 |
<p> |
| 208 |
Now add the <c>domainname</c> script to the default runlevel: |
| 209 |
</p> |
| 210 |
|
| 211 |
<pre caption="Adding domainname to the default runlevel"> |
| 212 |
# <i>rc-update add domainname default</i> |
| 213 |
</pre> |
| 214 |
|
| 215 |
</body> |
| 216 |
</subsection> |
| 217 |
<subsection> |
| 218 |
<title>Configuring your Network</title> |
| 219 |
<body> |
| 220 |
|
| 221 |
<p> |
| 222 |
Before you get that "Hey, we've had that already"-feeling, you should remember |
| 223 |
that the networking you set up in the beginning of the gentoo installation was |
| 224 |
just for the installation. Right now you are going to configure networking for |
| 225 |
your Gentoo system permanently. |
| 226 |
</p> |
| 227 |
|
| 228 |
<p> |
| 229 |
All networking information is gathered in <path>/etc/conf.d/net</path>. It uses |
| 230 |
a straightforward yet not intuitive syntax if you don't know how to setup |
| 231 |
networking manually. But don't fear, we'll explain everything :) |
| 232 |
</p> |
| 233 |
|
| 234 |
<p> |
| 235 |
First open <path>/etc/conf.d/net</path> with your favorite editor (<c>nano</c> |
| 236 |
is used in this example): |
| 237 |
</p> |
| 238 |
|
| 239 |
<pre caption="Opening /etc/conf.d/net for editing"> |
| 240 |
# <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/net</i> |
| 241 |
</pre> |
| 242 |
|
| 243 |
<p> |
| 244 |
The first variable you'll find is <c>iface_eth0</c>. It uses the following |
| 245 |
syntax: |
| 246 |
</p> |
| 247 |
|
| 248 |
<pre caption="iface_eth0 syntaxis"> |
| 249 |
iface_eth0="<i><your ip address></i> broadcast <i><your broadcast address></i> netmask <i><your netmask></i>" |
| 250 |
</pre> |
| 251 |
|
| 252 |
<p> |
| 253 |
If you use DHCP (automatic IP retrieval), you should just set <c>iface_eth0</c> |
| 254 |
to <c>dhcp</c>. If you use rp-pppoe (e.g. for ADSL), set it to <c>up</c>. |
| 255 |
If you need to setup your network manually and you're |
| 256 |
not familiar with all the above terms, please read the section on <uri |
| 257 |
link="?part=1&chap=3#doc_chap4_sect3">Understanding Network |
| 258 |
Terminology</uri> if you haven't done so already. |
| 259 |
</p> |
| 260 |
|
| 261 |
<p> |
| 262 |
So let us give three examples; the first one uses DHCP, the second one a static |
| 263 |
IP (192.168.0.2) with netmask 255.255.255.0, broadcast 192.168.0.255 and |
| 264 |
gateway 192.168.0.1 while the third one just activates the interface for |
| 265 |
rp-pppoe usage: |
| 266 |
</p> |
| 267 |
|
| 268 |
<pre caption="Examples for /etc/conf.d/net"> |
| 269 |
<comment>(For DHCP)</comment> |
| 270 |
iface_eth0="dhcp" |
| 271 |
<comment>Some network admins require that you use the</comment> |
| 272 |
<comment>hostname and domainname provided by the DHCP server.</comment> |
| 273 |
<comment>In that case, add the following to let dhcpcd use them.</comment> |
| 274 |
<comment>That will override your own hostname and domainname definitions.</comment> |
| 275 |
dhcpcd_eth0="-HD" |
| 276 |
<comment>If you intend on using NTP to keep your machine clock synchronized, use</comment> |
| 277 |
<comment>the -N option to prevent dhcpcd from overwriting your /etc/ntp.conf file</comment> |
| 278 |
dhcpcd_eth0="-N" |
| 279 |
|
| 280 |
<comment>(For static IP)</comment> |
| 281 |
iface_eth0="192.168.0.2 broadcast 192.168.0.255 netmask 255.255.255.0" |
| 282 |
gateway="eth0/192.168.0.1" |
| 283 |
|
| 284 |
<comment>(For rp-pppoe)</comment> |
| 285 |
iface_eth0="up" |
| 286 |
</pre> |
| 287 |
|
| 288 |
<p> |
| 289 |
If you have several network interfaces, create extra <c>iface_eth</c> variables, |
| 290 |
like <c>iface_eth1</c>, <c>iface_eth2</c> etc. The <c>gateway</c> variable |
| 291 |
shouldn't be reproduced as you can only set one gateway per computer. |
| 292 |
</p> |
| 293 |
|
| 294 |
<p> |
| 295 |
Now save the configuration and exit to continue. |
| 296 |
</p> |
| 297 |
|
| 298 |
</body> |
| 299 |
</subsection> |
| 300 |
<subsection> |
| 301 |
<title>Automatically Start Networking at Boot</title> |
| 302 |
<body> |
| 303 |
|
| 304 |
<p> |
| 305 |
To have your network interfaces activated at boot, you need to add those to the |
| 306 |
default runlevel. If you have PCMCIA interfaces you should skip this action as |
| 307 |
the PCMCIA interfaces are started by the PCMCIA init script. |
| 308 |
</p> |
| 309 |
|
| 310 |
<pre caption="Adding net.eth0 to the default runlevel"> |
| 311 |
# <i>rc-update add net.eth0 default</i> |
| 312 |
</pre> |
| 313 |
|
| 314 |
<p> |
| 315 |
If you have several network interfaces, you need to create the appropriate |
| 316 |
<path>net.eth1</path>, <path>net.eth2</path> etc. initscripts for those. You can |
| 317 |
use <c>ln</c> to do this: |
| 318 |
</p> |
| 319 |
|
| 320 |
<pre caption="Creating extra initscripts"> |
| 321 |
# <i>cd /etc/init.d</i> |
| 322 |
# <i>ln -s net.eth0 net.eth1</i> |
| 323 |
# <i>rc-update add net.eth1 default</i> |
| 324 |
</pre> |
| 325 |
|
| 326 |
</body> |
| 327 |
</subsection> |
| 328 |
<subsection> |
| 329 |
<title>Writing Down Network Information</title> |
| 330 |
<body> |
| 331 |
|
| 332 |
<p> |
| 333 |
You now need to inform Linux about your network. This is defined in |
| 334 |
<path>/etc/hosts</path> and helps in resolving hostnames to IP addresses |
| 335 |
for hosts that aren't resolved by your nameserver. For instance, if your |
| 336 |
internal network consists of three PCs called <c>jenny</c> (192.168.0.5), |
| 337 |
<c>benny</c> (192.168.0.6) and <c>tux</c> (192.168.0.7 - this system) you would |
| 338 |
open <path>/etc/hosts</path> and fill in the values: |
| 339 |
</p> |
| 340 |
|
| 341 |
<pre caption="Opening /etc/hosts"> |
| 342 |
# <i>nano -w /etc/hosts</i> |
| 343 |
</pre> |
| 344 |
|
| 345 |
<pre caption="Filling in the networking information"> |
| 346 |
127.0.0.1 localhost |
| 347 |
192.168.0.5 jenny.homenetwork jenny |
| 348 |
192.168.0.6 benny.homenetwork benny |
| 349 |
192.168.0.7 tux.homenetwork tux |
| 350 |
</pre> |
| 351 |
|
| 352 |
<p> |
| 353 |
If your system is the only system (or the nameservers handle all name |
| 354 |
resolution) a single line is sufficient: |
| 355 |
</p> |
| 356 |
|
| 357 |
<pre caption="/etc/hosts for lonely or fully integrated PCs"> |
| 358 |
127.0.0.1 localhost |
| 359 |
</pre> |
| 360 |
|
| 361 |
<p> |
| 362 |
Save and exit the editor to continue. |
| 363 |
</p> |
| 364 |
|
| 365 |
<p> |
| 366 |
If you don't have PCMCIA, you can now continue with <uri |
| 367 |
link="#doc_chap3">System Information</uri>. PCMCIA-users should read the |
| 368 |
following topic on PCMCIA. |
| 369 |
</p> |
| 370 |
|
| 371 |
</body> |
| 372 |
</subsection> |
| 373 |
<subsection> |
| 374 |
<title>Optional: Get PCMCIA Working</title> |
| 375 |
<body> |
| 376 |
|
| 377 |
<note> |
| 378 |
pcmcia-cs is only available for x86, amd64 and ppc platforms. |
| 379 |
</note> |
| 380 |
|
| 381 |
<p> |
| 382 |
PCMCIA-users should first install the <c>pcmcia-cs</c> package. The |
| 383 |
<c>USE="-X"</c> is necessary to avoid installing xorg-x11 at this moment: |
| 384 |
</p> |
| 385 |
|
| 386 |
<pre caption="Installing pcmcia-cs"> |
| 387 |
# <i>USE="-X" emerge pcmcia-cs</i> |
| 388 |
</pre> |
| 389 |
|
| 390 |
<p> |
| 391 |
When <c>pcmcia-cs</c> is installed, add <c>pcmcia</c> to the <e>default</e> |
| 392 |
runlevel: |
| 393 |
</p> |
| 394 |
|
| 395 |
<pre caption="Adding pcmcia to the default runlevel"> |
| 396 |
# <i>rc-update add pcmcia default</i> |
| 397 |
</pre> |
| 398 |
|
| 399 |
</body> |
| 400 |
</subsection> |
| 401 |
</section> |
| 402 |
<section> |
| 403 |
<title>System Information</title> |
| 404 |
<body> |
| 405 |
|
| 406 |
<p> |
| 407 |
Gentoo uses <path>/etc/rc.conf</path> for general, system-wide configuration. |
| 408 |
Open up <path>/etc/rc.conf</path> and enjoy all the comments in that file :) |
| 409 |
</p> |
| 410 |
|
| 411 |
<pre caption="Opening /etc/rc.conf"> |
| 412 |
# <i>nano -w /etc/rc.conf</i> |
| 413 |
</pre> |
| 414 |
|
| 415 |
<p> |
| 416 |
As you can see, this file is well commented to help you set up the necessary |
| 417 |
configuration variables. Take special care with the <c>KEYMAP</c> setting: if |
| 418 |
you select the wrong <c>KEYMAP</c> you will get weird results when typing on |
| 419 |
your keyboard. |
| 420 |
</p> |
| 421 |
|
| 422 |
<note> |
| 423 |
Users of USB-based <b>SPARC</b> systems and <b>SPARC</b> clones might need to |
| 424 |
select an i386 keymap (such as "us") instead of "sunkeymap". |
| 425 |
</note> |
| 426 |
|
| 427 |
<p> |
| 428 |
<b>PPC</b> uses x86 keymaps on most systems. Users who want to be able to use |
| 429 |
ADB keymaps on boot have to enable ADB keycode sendings in their kernel and have |
| 430 |
to set a mac/ppc keymap in <path>rc.conf</path>. |
| 431 |
</p> |
| 432 |
|
| 433 |
<p> |
| 434 |
When you're finished configuring <path>/etc/rc.conf</path>, save and exit, then |
| 435 |
continue with <uri link="?part=1&chap=9">Configuring the Bootloader</uri>. |
| 436 |
</p> |
| 437 |
|
| 438 |
</body> |
| 439 |
</section> |
| 440 |
</sections> |
Parent Directory
| 
Revision Log