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<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> |
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<!DOCTYPE sections SYSTEM "/dtd/book.dtd"> |
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|
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<!-- The content of this document is licensed under the CC-BY-SA license --> |
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<!-- See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5 --> |
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|
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<!-- $Header: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-config.xml,v 1.70 2005/08/09 09:43:58 swift Exp $ --> |
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|
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<sections> |
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|
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<version>2.12</version> |
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<date>2005-08-13</date> |
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|
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<section> |
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<title>Filesystem Information</title> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>What is fstab?</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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Under Linux, all partitions used by the system must be listed in |
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<path>/etc/fstab</path>. This file contains the mountpoints of those partitions |
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(where they are seen in the file system structure), how they should be mounted |
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and with what special options (automatically or not, whether users can mount |
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them or not, etc.) |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Creating /etc/fstab</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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<path>/etc/fstab</path> uses a special syntax. Every line consists of six |
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fields, separated by whitespace (space(s), tabs or a mixture). Each field has |
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its own meaning: |
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</p> |
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|
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<ul> |
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<li> |
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The first field shows the <b>partition</b> described (the path to the device |
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file) |
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</li> |
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<li> |
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The second field shows the <b>mountpoint</b> at which the partition should be |
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mounted |
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</li> |
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<li> |
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The third field shows the <b>filesystem</b> used by the partition |
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</li> |
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<li> |
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The fourth field shows the <b>mountoptions</b> used by <c>mount</c> when it |
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wants to mount the partition. As every filesystem has its own mountoptions, |
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you are encouraged to read the mount man page (<c>man mount</c>) for a full |
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listing. Multiple mountoptions are comma-separated. |
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</li> |
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<li> |
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The fifth field is used by <c>dump</c> to determine if the partition needs to |
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be <b>dump</b>ed or not. You can generally leave this as <c>0</c> (zero). |
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</li> |
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<li> |
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The sixth field is used by <c>fsck</c> to determine the order in which |
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filesystems should be <b>check</b>ed if the system wasn't shut down properly. |
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The root filesystem should have <c>1</c> while the rest should have <c>2</c> |
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(or <c>0</c> if a filesystem check isn't necessary). |
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</li> |
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</ul> |
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|
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<p> |
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The default <path>/etc/fstab</path> file provided by Gentoo <e>is no valid fstab |
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file</e>, so start <c>nano</c> (or your favorite editor) to create your |
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<path>/etc/fstab</path>: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Opening /etc/fstab"> |
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# <i>nano -w /etc/fstab</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Let us take a look at how we write down the options for the <path>/boot</path> |
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partition. This is just an example, so if your architecture doesn't require a |
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<path>/boot</path> partition (such as <b>PPC</b>), don't copy it verbatim. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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In our default x86 partitioning example <path>/boot</path> is the |
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<path>/dev/hda1</path> partition, with <c>ext2</c> as filesystem. |
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It needs to be checked during boot, so we would write down: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="An example /boot line for /etc/fstab"> |
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/dev/hda1 /boot ext2 defaults 1 2 |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Some users don't want their <path>/boot</path> partition to be mounted |
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automatically to improve their system's security. Those people should |
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substitute <c>defaults</c> with <c>noauto</c>. This does mean that you need to |
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manually mount this partition every time you want to use it. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now, to improve performance, most users would want to add the <c>noatime</c> |
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option as mountoption, which results in a faster system since access times |
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aren't registered (you don't need those generally anyway): |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="An improved /boot line for /etc/fstab"> |
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/dev/hda1 /boot ext2 defaults,noatime 1 2 |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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If we continue with this, we would end up with the following three lines (for |
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<path>/boot</path>, <path>/</path> and the swap partition): |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Three /etc/fstab lines"> |
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/dev/hda1 /boot ext2 defaults,noatime 1 2 |
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/dev/hda2 none swap sw 0 0 |
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/dev/hda3 / ext3 noatime 0 1 |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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To finish up, you should add a rule for <path>/proc</path>, <c>tmpfs</c> |
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(required) and for your CD-ROM drive (and of course, if you have other |
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partitions or drives, for those too): |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="A full /etc/fstab example"> |
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/dev/hda1 /boot ext2 defaults,noatime 1 2 |
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/dev/hda2 none swap sw 0 0 |
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/dev/hda3 / ext3 noatime 0 1 |
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|
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none /proc proc defaults 0 0 |
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none /dev/shm tmpfs nodev,nosuid,noexec 0 0 |
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|
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/dev/cdroms/cdrom0 /mnt/cdrom auto noauto,user 0 0 |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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<c>auto</c> makes <c>mount</c> guess for the filesystem (recommended for |
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removable media as they can be created with one of many filesystems) and |
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<c>user</c> makes it possible for non-root users to mount the CD. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now use the above example to create your <path>/etc/fstab</path>. If you are a |
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<b>SPARC</b>-user, you should add the following line to your |
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<path>/etc/fstab</path> |
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too: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Adding openprom filesystem to /etc/fstab"> |
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none /proc/openprom openpromfs defaults 0 0 |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Double-check your <path>/etc/fstab</path>, save and quit to continue. |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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</section> |
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<section> |
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<title>Networking Information</title> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Hostname, Domainname etc.</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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One of the choices the user has to make is name his/her PC. This seems to be |
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quite easy, but <e>lots</e> of users are having difficulties finding the |
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appropriate name for their Linux-pc. To speed things up, know that any name you |
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choose can be changed afterwards. For all we care, you can just call your system |
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<c>tux</c> and domain <c>homenetwork</c>. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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We use these values in the next examples. First we set the hostname: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Setting the hostname"> |
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# <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/hostname</i> |
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|
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<comment>(Set the HOSTNAME variable to your hostname)</comment> |
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HOSTNAME="<i>tux</i>" |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Second we set the domainname: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Setting the domainname"> |
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# <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/domainname</i> |
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|
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<comment>(Set the DNSDOMAIN variable to your domain name)</comment> |
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DNSDOMAIN="<i>homenetwork</i>" |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you have a NIS domain (if you don't know what that is, then you don't have |
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one), you need to define that one too: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Setting the NIS domainname"> |
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# <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/domainname</i> |
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|
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<comment>(Set the NISDOMAIN variable to your NIS domain name)</comment> |
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NISDOMAIN="<i>my-nisdomain</i>" |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now add the <c>domainname</c> script to the default runlevel: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Adding domainname to the default runlevel"> |
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# <i>rc-update add domainname default</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Configuring your Network</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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Before you get that "Hey, we've had that already"-feeling, you should remember |
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that the networking you set up in the beginning of the Gentoo installation was |
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just for the installation. Right now you are going to configure networking for |
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your Gentoo system permanently. |
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</p> |
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|
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<note> |
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More detailed information about networking, including advanced topics like |
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bonding, bridging, 802.11q VLANs or wireless networking is covered in the <uri |
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link="?part=4">Gentoo Network Configuration</uri> section. |
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</note> |
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|
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<p> |
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All networking information is gathered in <path>/etc/conf.d/net</path>. It uses |
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a straightforward yet not intuitive syntax if you don't know how to set up |
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networking manually. But don't fear, we'll explain everything. A fully |
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commented example that covers many different configurations is available in |
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<path>/etc/conf.d/net.example</path>. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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DHCP is used by default and does not require any further configuration. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you need to configure your network connection either because you need |
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specific DHCP options or because you do not use DHCP at all, open |
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<path>/etc/conf.d/net</path> with your favorite editor (<c>nano</c> is used in |
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this example): |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Opening /etc/conf.d/net for editing"> |
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# <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/net</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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You will see the following file: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Default /etc/conf.d/net"> |
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# This blank configuration will automatically use DHCP for any net.* |
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# scripts in /etc/init.d. To create a more complete configuration, |
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# please review /etc/conf.d/net.example and save your configuration |
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# in /etc/conf.d/net (this file :]!). |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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To enter your own IP address, netmask and gateway, you need |
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to set both <c>config_eth0</c> and <c>routes_eth0</c>: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Manually setting IP information for eth0"> |
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config_eth0=( "192.168.0.2 netmask 255.255.255.0" ) |
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routes_eth0=( "default gw 192.168.0.1" ) |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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To use DHCP and add specific DHCP options, define <c>config_eth0</c> and |
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<c>dhcp_eth0</c>: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Automatically obtaining an IP address for eth0"> |
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config_eth0=( "dhcp" ) |
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dhcp_eth0="nodns nontp nonis" |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Please read <path>/etc/conf.d/net.example</path> for a list of all available |
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options. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you have several network interfaces repeat the above steps for |
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<c>config_eth1</c>, <c>config_eth2</c>, etc. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now save the configuration and exit to continue. |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Automatically Start Networking at Boot</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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To have your network interfaces activated at boot, you need to add them to the |
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default runlevel. If you have PCMCIA interfaces you should skip this action as |
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the PCMCIA interfaces are started by the PCMCIA init script. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Adding net.eth0 to the default runlevel"> |
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# <i>rc-update add net.eth0 default</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you have several network interfaces, you need to create the appropriate |
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<path>net.eth1</path>, <path>net.eth2</path> etc. initscripts for those. You can |
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use <c>ln</c> to do this: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Creating extra initscripts"> |
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# <i>cd /etc/init.d</i> |
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# <i>ln -s net.eth0 net.eth1</i> |
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# <i>rc-update add net.eth1 default</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Writing Down Network Information</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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You now need to inform Linux about your network. This is defined in |
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<path>/etc/hosts</path> and helps in resolving hostnames to IP addresses |
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for hosts that aren't resolved by your nameserver. For instance, if your |
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internal network consists of three PCs called <c>jenny</c> (192.168.0.5), |
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<c>benny</c> (192.168.0.6) and <c>tux</c> (192.168.0.7 - this system) you would |
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open <path>/etc/hosts</path> and fill in the values: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Opening /etc/hosts"> |
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# <i>nano -w /etc/hosts</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<pre caption="Filling in the networking information"> |
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127.0.0.1 localhost |
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192.168.0.5 jenny.homenetwork jenny |
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192.168.0.6 benny.homenetwork benny |
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192.168.0.7 tux.homenetwork tux |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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If your system is the only system (or the nameservers handle all name |
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resolution) a single line is sufficient. For instance, if you want to call your |
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system <c>tux</c>: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="/etc/hosts for lonely or fully integrated PCs"> |
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127.0.0.1 localhost tux |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Save and exit the editor to continue. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you don't have PCMCIA, you can now continue with <uri |
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link="#doc_chap3">System Information</uri>. PCMCIA-users should read the |
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following topic on PCMCIA. |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Optional: Get PCMCIA Working</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<note> |
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pcmcia-cs is only available for x86, amd64 and ppc platforms. |
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</note> |
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|
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<p> |
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PCMCIA-users should first install the <c>pcmcia-cs</c> package. This also |
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includes users who will be working with a 2.6 kernel (even though they won't be |
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using the PCMCIA drivers from this package). The <c>USE="-X"</c> is necessary |
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to avoid installing xorg-x11 at this moment: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Installing pcmcia-cs"> |
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# <i>USE="-X" emerge pcmcia-cs</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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When <c>pcmcia-cs</c> is installed, add <c>pcmcia</c> to the <e>default</e> |
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runlevel: |
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</p> |
| 407 |
|
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<pre caption="Adding pcmcia to the default runlevel"> |
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# <i>rc-update add pcmcia default</i> |
| 410 |
</pre> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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</section> |
| 415 |
<section> |
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<title>System Information</title> |
| 417 |
<subsection> |
| 418 |
<title>Root Password</title> |
| 419 |
<body> |
| 420 |
|
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<p> |
| 422 |
First we set the root password by typing: |
| 423 |
</p> |
| 424 |
|
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<pre caption="Setting the root password"> |
| 426 |
# <i>passwd</i> |
| 427 |
</pre> |
| 428 |
|
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<p> |
| 430 |
If you want root to be able to log on through the serial console, add |
| 431 |
<c>tts/0</c> to <path>/etc/securetty</path>: |
| 432 |
</p> |
| 433 |
|
| 434 |
<pre caption="Adding tts/0 to /etc/securetty"> |
| 435 |
# <i>echo "tts/0" >> /etc/securetty</i> |
| 436 |
</pre> |
| 437 |
|
| 438 |
</body> |
| 439 |
</subsection> |
| 440 |
<subsection> |
| 441 |
<title>System Information</title> |
| 442 |
<body> |
| 443 |
|
| 444 |
<p> |
| 445 |
Gentoo uses <path>/etc/rc.conf</path> for general, system-wide configuration. |
| 446 |
Open up <path>/etc/rc.conf</path> and enjoy all the comments in that file :) |
| 447 |
</p> |
| 448 |
|
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<pre caption="Opening /etc/rc.conf"> |
| 450 |
# <i>nano -w /etc/rc.conf</i> |
| 451 |
</pre> |
| 452 |
|
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<p> |
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When you're finished configuring <path>/etc/rc.conf</path>, save and exit. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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As you can see, this file is well commented to help you set up the necessary |
| 459 |
configuration variables. You can configure your system to use unicode and |
| 460 |
define your default editor and your display manager (like gdm or kdm). |
| 461 |
</p> |
| 462 |
|
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<p> |
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Gentoo uses <path>/etc/conf.d/keymaps</path> to handle keyboard configuration. |
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Edit it to configure your keyboard. |
| 466 |
</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Opening /etc/conf.d/keymaps"> |
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# <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/keymaps</i> |
| 470 |
</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Take special care with the <c>KEYMAP</c> variable. If you select the wrong |
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<c>KEYMAP</c>, you will get weird results when typing on your keyboard. |
| 475 |
</p> |
| 476 |
|
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<note> |
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Users of USB-based <b>SPARC</b> systems and <b>SPARC</b> clones might need to |
| 479 |
select an i386 keymap (such as "us") instead of "sunkeymap". <b>PPC</b> uses x86 |
| 480 |
keymaps on most systems. Users who want to be able to use ADB keymaps on boot |
| 481 |
have to enable ADB keycode sendings in their kernel and have to set a mac/ppc |
| 482 |
keymap in <path>/etc/conf.d/keymaps</path>. |
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</note> |
| 484 |
|
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<p> |
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When you're finished configuring <path>/etc/conf.d/keymaps</path>, save and |
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exit. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
| 491 |
Gentoo uses <path>/etc/conf.d/clock</path> to set clock options. Edit it |
| 492 |
according to your needs. |
| 493 |
</p> |
| 494 |
|
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<pre caption="Opening /etc/conf.d/clock"> |
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# <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/clock</i> |
| 497 |
</pre> |
| 498 |
|
| 499 |
<p> |
| 500 |
If your hardware clock is not using UTC, you need to add <c>CLOCK="local"</c> to |
| 501 |
the file. Otherwise you will notice some clock skew. |
| 502 |
</p> |
| 503 |
|
| 504 |
<p> |
| 505 |
When you're finished configuring <path>/etc/conf.d/clock</path>, save and |
| 506 |
exit. |
| 507 |
</p> |
| 508 |
|
| 509 |
<p> |
| 510 |
If you are not installing Gentoo on IBM PPC64 hardware, continue with |
| 511 |
<uri link="?part=1&chap=9">Installing Necessary System Tools</uri>. |
| 512 |
</p> |
| 513 |
|
| 514 |
</body> |
| 515 |
</subsection> |
| 516 |
<subsection> |
| 517 |
<title>Configuring the Console</title> |
| 518 |
<body> |
| 519 |
|
| 520 |
<note> |
| 521 |
The following section applies to the IBM PPC64 hardware platforms. |
| 522 |
</note> |
| 523 |
|
| 524 |
<p> |
| 525 |
If you are running Gentoo on IBM PPC64 hardware and using a virtual console |
| 526 |
you must uncomment the appropriate line in <path>/etc/inittab</path> for the |
| 527 |
virtual console to spawn a login prompt. |
| 528 |
</p> |
| 529 |
|
| 530 |
<pre caption="Enabling hvc or hvsi support in /etc/inittab"> |
| 531 |
hvc0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty -L 9600 hvc0 |
| 532 |
hvsi:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty -L 19200 hvsi0 |
| 533 |
</pre> |
| 534 |
|
| 535 |
<p> |
| 536 |
You should also take this time to verify that the appropriate console is |
| 537 |
listed in <path>/etc/securetty</path>. |
| 538 |
</p> |
| 539 |
|
| 540 |
<p> |
| 541 |
You may now continue with <uri link="?part=1&chap=9">Installing Necessary |
| 542 |
System Tools</uri>. |
| 543 |
</p> |
| 544 |
|
| 545 |
</body> |
| 546 |
</subsection> |
| 547 |
</section> |
| 548 |
</sections> |
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