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1 | <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> |
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2 | <!DOCTYPE sections SYSTEM "/dtd/book.dtd"> |
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3 | |
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4 | <!-- The content of this document is licensed under the CC-BY-SA license --> |
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5 | <!-- See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5 --> |
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6 | |
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7 | <!-- $Header: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-config.xml,v 1.72 2005/08/15 09:00:27 swift Exp $ --> |
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8 | |
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9 | <sections> |
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10 | |
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11 | <version>2.13</version> |
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12 | <date>2005-08-15</date> |
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13 | |
| 1 | <section> |
14 | <section> |
| 2 | <subsection> |
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| 3 | <title>Timezone</title> |
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| 4 | <body> |
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| 5 | |
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| 6 | <p> |
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| 7 | <path>/etc/localtime</path>. |
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| 8 | </p> |
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| 9 | |
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| 10 | </body> |
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| 11 | </subsection> |
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| 12 | <subsection> |
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| 13 | <title>Filesystem Information</title> |
15 | <title>Filesystem Information</title> |
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16 | <subsection> |
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17 | <title>What is fstab?</title> |
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18 | <body> |
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19 | |
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20 | <p> |
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21 | Under Linux, all partitions used by the system must be listed in |
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22 | <path>/etc/fstab</path>. This file contains the mountpoints of those partitions |
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23 | (where they are seen in the file system structure), how they should be mounted |
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24 | and with what special options (automatically or not, whether users can mount |
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25 | them or not, etc.) |
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26 | </p> |
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27 | |
| 14 | <body> |
28 | </body> |
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29 | </subsection> |
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30 | <subsection> |
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31 | <title>Creating /etc/fstab</title> |
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32 | <body> |
| 15 | |
33 | |
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34 | <p> |
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35 | <path>/etc/fstab</path> uses a special syntax. Every line consists of six |
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36 | fields, separated by whitespace (space(s), tabs or a mixture). Each field has |
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37 | its own meaning: |
| 16 | <p> |
38 | </p> |
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39 | |
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40 | <ul> |
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41 | <li> |
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42 | The first field shows the <b>partition</b> described (the path to the device |
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43 | file) |
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44 | </li> |
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45 | <li> |
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46 | The second field shows the <b>mountpoint</b> at which the partition should be |
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47 | mounted |
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48 | </li> |
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49 | <li> |
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50 | The third field shows the <b>filesystem</b> used by the partition |
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51 | </li> |
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52 | <li> |
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53 | The fourth field shows the <b>mountoptions</b> used by <c>mount</c> when it |
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54 | wants to mount the partition. As every filesystem has its own mountoptions, |
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55 | you are encouraged to read the mount man page (<c>man mount</c>) for a full |
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56 | listing. Multiple mountoptions are comma-separated. |
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57 | </li> |
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58 | <li> |
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59 | The fifth field is used by <c>dump</c> to determine if the partition needs to |
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60 | be <b>dump</b>ed or not. You can generally leave this as <c>0</c> (zero). |
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61 | </li> |
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62 | <li> |
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63 | The sixth field is used by <c>fsck</c> to determine the order in which |
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64 | filesystems should be <b>check</b>ed if the system wasn't shut down properly. |
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65 | The root filesystem should have <c>1</c> while the rest should have <c>2</c> |
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66 | (or <c>0</c> if a filesystem check isn't necessary). |
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67 | </li> |
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68 | </ul> |
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69 | |
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70 | <p> |
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71 | The default <path>/etc/fstab</path> file provided by Gentoo <e>is no valid fstab |
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72 | file</e>, so start <c>nano</c> (or your favorite editor) to create your |
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73 | <path>/etc/fstab</path>: |
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74 | </p> |
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75 | |
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76 | <pre caption="Opening /etc/fstab"> |
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77 | # <i>nano -w /etc/fstab</i> |
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78 | </pre> |
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79 | |
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80 | <p> |
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81 | Let us take a look at how we write down the options for the <path>/boot</path> |
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82 | partition. This is just an example, so if your architecture doesn't require a |
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83 | <path>/boot</path> partition (such as <b>PPC</b>), don't copy it verbatim. |
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84 | </p> |
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85 | |
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86 | <p> |
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87 | In our default x86 partitioning example <path>/boot</path> is the |
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88 | <path>/dev/hda1</path> partition, with <c>ext2</c> as filesystem. |
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89 | It needs to be checked during boot, so we would write down: |
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90 | </p> |
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91 | |
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92 | <pre caption="An example /boot line for /etc/fstab"> |
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93 | /dev/hda1 /boot ext2 defaults 1 2 |
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94 | </pre> |
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95 | |
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96 | <p> |
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97 | Some users don't want their <path>/boot</path> partition to be mounted |
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98 | automatically to improve their system's security. Those people should |
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99 | substitute <c>defaults</c> with <c>noauto</c>. This does mean that you need to |
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100 | manually mount this partition every time you want to use it. |
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101 | </p> |
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102 | |
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103 | <p> |
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104 | Now, to improve performance, most users would want to add the <c>noatime</c> |
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105 | option as mountoption, which results in a faster system since access times |
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106 | aren't registered (you don't need those generally anyway): |
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107 | </p> |
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108 | |
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109 | <pre caption="An improved /boot line for /etc/fstab"> |
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110 | /dev/hda1 /boot ext2 defaults,noatime 1 2 |
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111 | </pre> |
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112 | |
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113 | <p> |
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114 | If we continue with this, we would end up with the following three lines (for |
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115 | <path>/boot</path>, <path>/</path> and the swap partition): |
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116 | </p> |
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117 | |
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118 | <pre caption="Three /etc/fstab lines"> |
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119 | /dev/hda1 /boot ext2 defaults,noatime 1 2 |
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120 | /dev/hda2 none swap sw 0 0 |
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121 | /dev/hda3 / ext3 noatime 0 1 |
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122 | </pre> |
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123 | |
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124 | <p> |
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125 | To finish up, you should add a rule for <path>/proc</path>, <c>tmpfs</c> |
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126 | (required) and for your CD-ROM drive (and of course, if you have other |
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127 | partitions or drives, for those too): |
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128 | </p> |
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129 | |
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130 | <pre caption="A full /etc/fstab example"> |
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131 | /dev/hda1 /boot ext2 defaults,noatime 1 2 |
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132 | /dev/hda2 none swap sw 0 0 |
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133 | /dev/hda3 / ext3 noatime 0 1 |
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134 | |
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135 | none /proc proc defaults 0 0 |
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136 | none /dev/shm tmpfs nodev,nosuid,noexec 0 0 |
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137 | |
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138 | /dev/cdroms/cdrom0 /mnt/cdrom auto noauto,user 0 0 |
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139 | </pre> |
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140 | |
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141 | <p> |
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142 | <c>auto</c> makes <c>mount</c> guess for the filesystem (recommended for |
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143 | removable media as they can be created with one of many filesystems) and |
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144 | <c>user</c> makes it possible for non-root users to mount the CD. |
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145 | </p> |
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146 | |
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147 | <p> |
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148 | Now use the above example to create your <path>/etc/fstab</path>. If you are a |
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149 | <b>SPARC</b>-user, you should add the following line to your |
| 17 | <path>/etc/fstab</path> |
150 | <path>/etc/fstab</path> |
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151 | too: |
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152 | </p> |
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153 | |
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154 | <pre caption="Adding openprom filesystem to /etc/fstab"> |
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155 | none /proc/openprom openpromfs defaults 0 0 |
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156 | </pre> |
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157 | |
| 18 | </p> |
158 | <p> |
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159 | Double-check your <path>/etc/fstab</path>, save and quit to continue. |
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160 | </p> |
| 19 | |
161 | |
| 20 | </body> |
162 | </body> |
| 21 | </subsection> |
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| 22 | <subsection> |
163 | </subsection> |
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164 | </section> |
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165 | <section> |
| 23 | <title>Networking Information</title> |
166 | <title>Networking Information</title> |
| 24 | <body> |
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| 25 | |
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| 26 | <p> |
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| 27 | <path>/etc/conf.d/net</path>, <c>rc-update add net.eth0</c>, |
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| 28 | PCMCIA-information etc. |
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| 29 | </p> |
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| 30 | |
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| 31 | </body> |
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| 32 | </subsection> |
167 | <subsection> |
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168 | <title>Hostname, Domainname etc.</title> |
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169 | <body> |
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170 | |
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171 | <p> |
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172 | One of the choices the user has to make is name his/her PC. This seems to be |
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173 | quite easy, but <e>lots</e> of users are having difficulties finding the |
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174 | appropriate name for their Linux-pc. To speed things up, know that any name you |
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175 | choose can be changed afterwards. For all we care, you can just call your system |
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176 | <c>tux</c> and domain <c>homenetwork</c>. |
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177 | </p> |
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178 | |
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179 | <p> |
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180 | We use these values in the next examples. First we set the hostname: |
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181 | </p> |
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182 | |
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183 | <pre caption="Setting the hostname"> |
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184 | # <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/hostname</i> |
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185 | |
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186 | <comment>(Set the HOSTNAME variable to your hostname)</comment> |
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187 | HOSTNAME="<i>tux</i>" |
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188 | </pre> |
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189 | |
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190 | <p> |
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191 | Second we set the domainname: |
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192 | </p> |
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193 | |
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194 | <pre caption="Setting the domainname"> |
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195 | # <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/domainname</i> |
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196 | |
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197 | <comment>(Set the DNSDOMAIN variable to your domain name)</comment> |
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198 | DNSDOMAIN="<i>homenetwork</i>" |
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199 | </pre> |
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200 | |
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201 | <p> |
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202 | If you have a NIS domain (if you don't know what that is, then you don't have |
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203 | one), you need to define that one too: |
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204 | </p> |
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205 | |
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206 | <pre caption="Setting the NIS domainname"> |
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207 | # <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/domainname</i> |
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208 | |
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209 | <comment>(Set the NISDOMAIN variable to your NIS domain name)</comment> |
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210 | NISDOMAIN="<i>my-nisdomain</i>" |
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211 | </pre> |
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212 | |
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213 | <p> |
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214 | Now add the <c>domainname</c> script to the default runlevel: |
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215 | </p> |
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216 | |
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217 | <pre caption="Adding domainname to the default runlevel"> |
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218 | # <i>rc-update add domainname default</i> |
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219 | </pre> |
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220 | |
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221 | </body> |
| 33 | <subsection> |
222 | </subsection> |
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223 | <subsection> |
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224 | <title>Configuring your Network</title> |
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225 | <body> |
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226 | |
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227 | <p> |
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228 | Before you get that "Hey, we've had that already"-feeling, you should remember |
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229 | that the networking you set up in the beginning of the Gentoo installation was |
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230 | just for the installation. Right now you are going to configure networking for |
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231 | your Gentoo system permanently. |
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232 | </p> |
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233 | |
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234 | <note> |
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235 | More detailed information about networking, including advanced topics like |
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236 | bonding, bridging, 802.1Q VLANs or wireless networking is covered in the <uri |
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237 | link="?part=4">Gentoo Network Configuration</uri> section. |
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238 | </note> |
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239 | |
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240 | <p> |
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241 | All networking information is gathered in <path>/etc/conf.d/net</path>. It uses |
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242 | a straightforward yet not intuitive syntax if you don't know how to set up |
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243 | networking manually. But don't fear, we'll explain everything. A fully |
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244 | commented example that covers many different configurations is available in |
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245 | <path>/etc/conf.d/net.example</path>. |
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246 | </p> |
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247 | |
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248 | <p> |
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249 | DHCP is used by default and does not require any further configuration. |
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250 | </p> |
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251 | |
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252 | <p> |
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253 | If you need to configure your network connection either because you need |
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254 | specific DHCP options or because you do not use DHCP at all, open |
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255 | <path>/etc/conf.d/net</path> with your favorite editor (<c>nano</c> is used in |
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256 | this example): |
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257 | </p> |
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258 | |
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259 | <pre caption="Opening /etc/conf.d/net for editing"> |
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260 | # <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/net</i> |
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261 | </pre> |
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262 | |
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263 | <p> |
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264 | You will see the following file: |
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265 | </p> |
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266 | |
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267 | <pre caption="Default /etc/conf.d/net"> |
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268 | # This blank configuration will automatically use DHCP for any net.* |
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269 | # scripts in /etc/init.d. To create a more complete configuration, |
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270 | # please review /etc/conf.d/net.example and save your configuration |
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271 | # in /etc/conf.d/net (this file :]!). |
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272 | </pre> |
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273 | |
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274 | <p> |
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275 | To enter your own IP address, netmask and gateway, you need |
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276 | to set both <c>config_eth0</c> and <c>routes_eth0</c>: |
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277 | </p> |
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278 | |
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279 | <pre caption="Manually setting IP information for eth0"> |
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280 | config_eth0=( "192.168.0.2 netmask 255.255.255.0" ) |
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281 | routes_eth0=( "default gw 192.168.0.1" ) |
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282 | </pre> |
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283 | |
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284 | <p> |
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285 | To use DHCP and add specific DHCP options, define <c>config_eth0</c> and |
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286 | <c>dhcp_eth0</c>: |
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287 | </p> |
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288 | |
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289 | <pre caption="Automatically obtaining an IP address for eth0"> |
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290 | config_eth0=( "dhcp" ) |
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291 | dhcp_eth0="nodns nontp nonis" |
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292 | </pre> |
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293 | |
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294 | <p> |
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295 | Please read <path>/etc/conf.d/net.example</path> for a list of all available |
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296 | options. |
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297 | </p> |
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298 | |
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299 | <p> |
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300 | If you have several network interfaces repeat the above steps for |
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301 | <c>config_eth1</c>, <c>config_eth2</c>, etc. |
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302 | </p> |
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303 | |
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304 | <p> |
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305 | Now save the configuration and exit to continue. |
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306 | </p> |
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307 | |
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308 | </body> |
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309 | </subsection> |
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310 | <subsection> |
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311 | <title>Automatically Start Networking at Boot</title> |
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312 | <body> |
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313 | |
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314 | <p> |
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315 | To have your network interfaces activated at boot, you need to add them to the |
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316 | default runlevel. If you have PCMCIA interfaces you should skip this action as |
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317 | the PCMCIA interfaces are started by the PCMCIA init script. |
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318 | </p> |
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319 | |
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320 | <pre caption="Adding net.eth0 to the default runlevel"> |
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321 | # <i>rc-update add net.eth0 default</i> |
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322 | </pre> |
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323 | |
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324 | <p> |
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325 | If you have several network interfaces, you need to create the appropriate |
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326 | <path>net.eth1</path>, <path>net.eth2</path> etc. initscripts for those. You can |
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327 | use <c>ln</c> to do this: |
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328 | </p> |
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329 | |
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330 | <pre caption="Creating extra initscripts"> |
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331 | # <i>cd /etc/init.d</i> |
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332 | # <i>ln -s net.eth0 net.eth1</i> |
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333 | # <i>rc-update add net.eth1 default</i> |
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334 | </pre> |
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335 | |
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336 | </body> |
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337 | </subsection> |
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338 | <subsection> |
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339 | <title>Writing Down Network Information</title> |
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340 | <body> |
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341 | |
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342 | <p> |
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343 | You now need to inform Linux about your network. This is defined in |
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344 | <path>/etc/hosts</path> and helps in resolving hostnames to IP addresses |
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345 | for hosts that aren't resolved by your nameserver. For instance, if your |
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346 | internal network consists of three PCs called <c>jenny</c> (192.168.0.5), |
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347 | <c>benny</c> (192.168.0.6) and <c>tux</c> (192.168.0.7 - this system) you would |
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348 | open <path>/etc/hosts</path> and fill in the values: |
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349 | </p> |
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350 | |
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351 | <pre caption="Opening /etc/hosts"> |
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352 | # <i>nano -w /etc/hosts</i> |
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353 | </pre> |
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354 | |
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355 | <pre caption="Filling in the networking information"> |
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356 | 127.0.0.1 localhost |
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357 | 192.168.0.5 jenny.homenetwork jenny |
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358 | 192.168.0.6 benny.homenetwork benny |
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359 | 192.168.0.7 tux.homenetwork tux |
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360 | </pre> |
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361 | |
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362 | <p> |
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363 | If your system is the only system (or the nameservers handle all name |
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364 | resolution) a single line is sufficient. For instance, if you want to call your |
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365 | system <c>tux</c>: |
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366 | </p> |
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367 | |
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368 | <pre caption="/etc/hosts for lonely or fully integrated PCs"> |
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369 | 127.0.0.1 localhost tux |
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370 | </pre> |
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371 | |
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372 | <p> |
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373 | Save and exit the editor to continue. |
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374 | </p> |
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375 | |
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376 | <p> |
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377 | If you don't have PCMCIA, you can now continue with <uri |
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378 | link="#doc_chap3">System Information</uri>. PCMCIA-users should read the |
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379 | following topic on PCMCIA. |
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380 | </p> |
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381 | |
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382 | </body> |
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383 | </subsection> |
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384 | <subsection> |
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385 | <title>Optional: Get PCMCIA Working</title> |
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386 | <body> |
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387 | |
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388 | <note> |
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389 | pcmcia-cs is only available for x86, amd64 and ppc platforms. |
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390 | </note> |
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391 | |
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392 | <p> |
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393 | PCMCIA-users should first install the <c>pcmcia-cs</c> package. This also |
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394 | includes users who will be working with a 2.6 kernel (even though they won't be |
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395 | using the PCMCIA drivers from this package). The <c>USE="-X"</c> is necessary |
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396 | to avoid installing xorg-x11 at this moment: |
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397 | </p> |
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398 | |
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399 | <pre caption="Installing pcmcia-cs"> |
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400 | # <i>USE="-X" emerge pcmcia-cs</i> |
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401 | </pre> |
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402 | |
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403 | <p> |
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404 | When <c>pcmcia-cs</c> is installed, add <c>pcmcia</c> to the <e>default</e> |
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405 | runlevel: |
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406 | </p> |
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407 | |
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408 | <pre caption="Adding pcmcia to the default runlevel"> |
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409 | # <i>rc-update add pcmcia default</i> |
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410 | </pre> |
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411 | |
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412 | </body> |
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413 | </subsection> |
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414 | </section> |
|
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415 | <section> |
| 34 | <title>System Information</title> |
416 | <title>System Information</title> |
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417 | <subsection> |
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418 | <title>Root Password</title> |
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419 | <body> |
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420 | |
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421 | <p> |
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422 | First we set the root password by typing: |
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423 | </p> |
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424 | |
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425 | <pre caption="Setting the root password"> |
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426 | # <i>passwd</i> |
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427 | </pre> |
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428 | |
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429 | <p> |
|
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430 | If you want root to be able to log on through the serial console, add |
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431 | <c>tts/0</c> to <path>/etc/securetty</path>: |
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432 | </p> |
|
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433 | |
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434 | <pre caption="Adding tts/0 to /etc/securetty"> |
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435 | # <i>echo "tts/0" >> /etc/securetty</i> |
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436 | </pre> |
|
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437 | |
| 35 | <body> |
438 | </body> |
|
|
439 | </subsection> |
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440 | <subsection> |
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441 | <title>System Information</title> |
|
|
442 | <body> |
| 36 | |
443 | |
|
|
444 | <p> |
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445 | Gentoo uses <path>/etc/rc.conf</path> for general, system-wide configuration. |
|
|
446 | Open up <path>/etc/rc.conf</path> and enjoy all the comments in that file :) |
| 37 | <p> |
447 | </p> |
| 38 | <path>/etc/rc.conf</path> |
448 | |
|
|
449 | <pre caption="Opening /etc/rc.conf"> |
|
|
450 | # <i>nano -w /etc/rc.conf</i> |
|
|
451 | </pre> |
|
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452 | |
|
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453 | <p> |
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454 | When you're finished configuring <path>/etc/rc.conf</path>, save and exit. |
|
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455 | </p> |
|
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456 | |
|
|
457 | <p> |
|
|
458 | As you can see, this file is well commented to help you set up the necessary |
|
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459 | configuration variables. You can configure your system to use unicode and |
|
|
460 | define your default editor and your display manager (like gdm or kdm). |
|
|
461 | </p> |
|
|
462 | |
|
|
463 | <p> |
|
|
464 | Gentoo uses <path>/etc/conf.d/keymaps</path> to handle keyboard configuration. |
|
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465 | Edit it to configure your keyboard. |
|
|
466 | </p> |
|
|
467 | |
|
|
468 | <pre caption="Opening /etc/conf.d/keymaps"> |
|
|
469 | # <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/keymaps</i> |
|
|
470 | </pre> |
|
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471 | |
|
|
472 | <p> |
|
|
473 | Take special care with the <c>KEYMAP</c> variable. If you select the wrong |
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474 | <c>KEYMAP</c>, you will get weird results when typing on your keyboard. |
|
|
475 | </p> |
|
|
476 | |
|
|
477 | <note> |
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|
478 | Users of USB-based <b>SPARC</b> systems and <b>SPARC</b> clones might need to |
|
|
479 | select an i386 keymap (such as "us") instead of "sunkeymap". <b>PPC</b> uses x86 |
|
|
480 | keymaps on most systems. Users who want to be able to use ADB keymaps on boot |
|
|
481 | have to enable ADB keycode sendings in their kernel and have to set a mac/ppc |
|
|
482 | keymap in <path>/etc/conf.d/keymaps</path>. |
|
|
483 | </note> |
|
|
484 | |
|
|
485 | <p> |
|
|
486 | When you're finished configuring <path>/etc/conf.d/keymaps</path>, save and |
|
|
487 | exit. |
|
|
488 | </p> |
|
|
489 | |
|
|
490 | <p> |
|
|
491 | Gentoo uses <path>/etc/conf.d/clock</path> to set clock options. Edit it |
|
|
492 | according to your needs. |
|
|
493 | </p> |
|
|
494 | |
|
|
495 | <pre caption="Opening /etc/conf.d/clock"> |
|
|
496 | # <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/clock</i> |
|
|
497 | </pre> |
|
|
498 | |
|
|
499 | <p> |
|
|
500 | If your hardware clock is not using UTC, you need to add <c>CLOCK="local"</c> to |
|
|
501 | the file. Otherwise you will notice some clock skew. |
|
|
502 | </p> |
|
|
503 | |
|
|
504 | <p> |
|
|
505 | When you're finished configuring <path>/etc/conf.d/clock</path>, save and |
|
|
506 | exit. |
|
|
507 | </p> |
|
|
508 | |
|
|
509 | <p> |
|
|
510 | If you are not installing Gentoo on IBM PPC64 hardware, continue with |
|
|
511 | <uri link="?part=1&chap=9">Installing Necessary System Tools</uri>. |
|
|
512 | </p> |
|
|
513 | |
|
|
514 | </body> |
|
|
515 | </subsection> |
|
|
516 | <subsection> |
|
|
517 | <title>Configuring the Console</title> |
|
|
518 | <body> |
|
|
519 | |
|
|
520 | <note> |
|
|
521 | The following section applies to the IBM PPC64 hardware platforms. |
|
|
522 | </note> |
|
|
523 | |
|
|
524 | <p> |
|
|
525 | If you are running Gentoo on IBM PPC64 hardware and using a virtual console |
|
|
526 | you must uncomment the appropriate line in <path>/etc/inittab</path> for the |
|
|
527 | virtual console to spawn a login prompt. |
|
|
528 | </p> |
|
|
529 | |
|
|
530 | <pre caption="Enabling hvc or hvsi support in /etc/inittab"> |
|
|
531 | hvc0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty -L 9600 hvc0 |
|
|
532 | hvsi:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty -L 19200 hvsi0 |
|
|
533 | </pre> |
|
|
534 | |
|
|
535 | <p> |
|
|
536 | You should also take this time to verify that the appropriate console is |
|
|
537 | listed in <path>/etc/securetty</path>. |
|
|
538 | </p> |
|
|
539 | |
|
|
540 | <p> |
|
|
541 | You may now continue with <uri link="?part=1&chap=9">Installing Necessary |
|
|
542 | System Tools</uri>. |
| 39 | </p> |
543 | </p> |
| 40 | |
544 | |
| 41 | </body> |
545 | </body> |
| 42 | </subsection> |
546 | </subsection> |
| 43 | </section> |
547 | </section> |
|
|
548 | </sections> |
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