en/handbook/hb-install-ia64-disk.xml

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE sections SYSTEM "/dtd/book.dtd">

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<!-- $Header: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-ia64-disk.xml,v 1.14 2012/10/06 19:54:14 swift Exp $ -->

<sections>

<version>10</version>
<date>2013-02-23</date>

<section>
<title>Introduction to Block Devices</title>

<subsection>
<include href="hb-install-blockdevices.xml"/>
</subsection>

<subsection>
<title>Partitions</title>
<body>

<p>
Although it is theoretically possible to use a full disk to house your Linux
system, this is almost never done in practice. Instead, full disk block devices
are split up in smaller, more manageable block devices. On <keyval id="arch"/>
systems, these are called <e>partitions</e>. 
</p>

<p>
Itanium systems use EFI, the Extensible Firmware Interface, for booting.  The
partition table format that EFI understands is called GPT, or GUID Partition
Table.  The partitioning program that understands GPT is called "parted", so
that is the tool we will use below.  Additionally, EFI can only read FAT
filesystems, so that is the format to use for the EFI boot partition, where the
kernel will be installed by "elilo".
</p>

</body>
</subsection>
<subsection>
<title>Advanced Storage</title>
<body>

<p>
The <keyval id="arch"/> Installation CDs provide support for LVM2.
LVM2 increases the flexibility offered by your partitioning setup.
During the installation instructions, we will focus on "regular" partitions,
but it is still good to know LVM2 is supported as well.
</p>

</body>
</subsection>
</section>
<section>
<title>Designing a Partitioning Scheme</title>
<subsection>
<title>Default Partitioning Scheme</title>
<body>

<p>
If you are not interested in drawing up a partitioning scheme for your system,
you can use the partitioning scheme we use throughout this book:
</p>

<table>
<tr>
  <th>Partition</th>
  <th>Filesystem</th>
  <th>Size</th>
  <th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda1</path></ti>
  <ti>vfat</ti>
  <ti>32M</ti>
  <ti>EFI Boot partition</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda2</path></ti>
  <ti>(swap)</ti>
  <ti>512M</ti>
  <ti>Swap partition</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda3</path></ti>
  <ti>ext4</ti>
  <ti>Rest of the disk</ti>
  <ti>Root partition</ti>
</tr>
</table>

<p>
If you are interested in knowing how big a partition should be, or even how
many partitions you need, read on. Otherwise continue now with partitioning
your disk by reading <uri link="#parted">Using parted to Partition your
Disk</uri>.
</p>

</body>
</subsection>
<subsection>
<title>How Many and How Big?</title>
<body>

<p>
The number of partitions is highly dependent on your environment. For instance,
if you have lots of users, you will most likely want to have your
<path>/home</path> separate as it increases security and makes backups easier.
If you are installing Gentoo to perform as a mailserver, your
<path>/var</path> should be separate as all mails are stored inside
<path>/var</path>. A good choice of filesystem will then maximise your
performance. Gameservers will have a separate <path>/opt</path> as most gaming
servers are installed there. The reason is similar for <path>/home</path>:
security and backups. You will definitely want to keep <path>/usr</path> big:
not only will it contain the majority of applications, the Portage tree alone
takes around 500 Mbyte excluding the various sources that are stored in it.
</p>

<p>
As you can see, it very much depends on what you want to achieve. Separate
partitions or volumes have the following advantages:
</p>

<ul>
<li>
  You can choose the best performing filesystem for each partition or volume
</li>
<li>
  Your entire system cannot run out of free space if one defunct tool is
  continuously writing files to a partition or volume
</li>
<li>
  If necessary, file system checks are reduced in time, as multiple checks can
  be done in parallel (although this advantage is more with multiple disks than
  it is with multiple partitions)
</li>
<li>
  Security can be enhanced by mounting some partitions or volumes read-only,
  nosuid (setuid bits are ignored), noexec (executable bits are ignored) etc.
</li>
</ul>

<p>
However, multiple partitions have disadvantages as well. If not configured
properly, you will have a system with lots of free space on one partition and
none on another. Another nuisance is that separate partitions - especially
for important mountpoints like <path>/usr</path> or <path>/var</path> - often
require the administrator to boot with an initramfs to mount the partition
before other boot scripts start. This isn't always the case though, so your
results may vary.
</p>

<p>
There is also a 15-partition limit for SCSI and SATA, unless you use GPT
labels.
</p>

<p>
As an example partitioning, we show you one for a 20GB disk, used as a
demonstration laptop (containing webserver, mailserver, gnome, ...):
</p>

<pre caption="Filesystem usage example">
$ <i>df -h</i>
Filesystem    Type    Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda5     ext4    509M  132M  351M  28% /
/dev/sda2     ext4    5.0G  3.0G  1.8G  63% /home
/dev/sda7     ext4    7.9G  6.2G  1.3G  83% /usr
/dev/sda8     ext4   1011M  483M  477M  51% /opt
/dev/sda9     ext4    2.0G  607M  1.3G  32% /var
/dev/sda1     ext2     51M   17M   31M  36% /boot
/dev/sda6     swap    516M   12M  504M   2% &lt;not mounted&gt;
<comment>(Unpartitioned space for future usage: 2 GB)</comment>
</pre>

<p>
<path>/usr</path> is rather full (83% used) here, but once
all software is installed, <path>/usr</path> doesn't tend to grow that much.
Although allocating a few gigabytes of disk space for <path>/var</path> may
seem excessive, remember that Portage uses this partition by default for
compiling packages. If you want to keep <path>/var</path> at a more reasonable
size, such as 1GB, you will need to alter your <c>PORTAGE_TMPDIR</c> variable
in <path>/etc/portage/make.conf</path> to point to the partition with enough
free space for compiling extremely large packages such as OpenOffice.
</p>

</body>
</subsection>
</section>
<section id="parted">
<title>Using parted to Partition your Disk</title>
<subsection>
<body>

<p>
The following parts explain how to create the example partition layout
described previously, namely:
</p>

<table>
<tr>
  <th>Partition</th>
  <th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda1</path></ti>
  <ti>EFI Boot partition</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda2</path></ti>
  <ti>Swap partition</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda3</path></ti>
  <ti>Root partition</ti>
</tr>
</table>

<p>
Change your partition layout according to your own preference.
</p>

</body>
</subsection>
<subsection>
<title>Viewing the Current Partition Layout</title>
<body>

<p>
<c>parted</c> is the GNU partition editor.
Fire up <c>parted</c> on your disk (in our example, we use
<path>/dev/sda</path>):
</p>

<pre caption="Starting parted">
# <i>parted /dev/sda</i>
</pre>

<p>
Once in <c>parted</c>, you'll be greeted with a prompt that looks like this:
</p>

<pre caption="parted prompt">
GNU Parted 1.6.22
Copyright (C) 1998 - 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This program is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without
even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
General Public License for more details.

Using /dev/sda
(parted)
</pre>

<p>
At this point one of the available commands is <c>help</c>, which you should use
if you want to see the other available commands.  Another command is
<c>print</c> which you should type next to display your disk's current partition
configuration:
</p>

<pre caption="An example partition configuration">
(parted) <i>print</i>
Disk geometry for /dev/sda: 0.000-34732.890 megabytes
Disk label type: gpt
Minor    Start       End     Filesystem  Name                  Flags
1          0.017    203.938  fat32                             boot
2        203.938   4243.468  linux-swap
3       4243.469  34724.281  ext4
</pre>

<p>
This particular configuration is very similar to the one that we recommend
above.  Note on the second line that the partition table is type is GPT.  If it
is different, then the ia64 system will not be able to boot from this disk.
For the sake of this guide we'll remove the partitions and create them anew.
</p>

</body>
</subsection>
<subsection>
<title>Removing all Partitions</title>
<body>

<note>
Unlike fdisk and some other partitioning programs which postpone committing
changes until you give the write instruction, parted commands take effect
immediately.  So once you start adding and removing partitions, you can't
simply quit without writing them... they've already been written.
</note>

<p>
The easy way to remove all partitions and start fresh, which guarantees that we
are using the correct partition type, is to make a new partition table using the
<c>mklabel</c> command.  After you do this, you will have an empty GPT partition
table.
</p>

<pre caption="Creating a new partition table">
(parted) <i>mklabel gpt</i>
(parted) <i>print</i>
Disk geometry for /dev/sda: 0.000-34732.890 megabytes
Disk label type: gpt
Minor    Start       End     Filesystem  Name                  Flags
</pre>

<p>
Now that the partition table is empty, we're ready to create the
partitions. We will use a default partitioning scheme as discussed previously.
Of course, don't follow these instructions to the letter if you don't want the
same partitioning scheme!
</p>

</body>
</subsection>
<subsection>
<title>Creating the EFI Boot Partition</title>
<body>

<p>
We first create a small EFI boot partition. This is required to be a FAT
filesystem in order for the <keyval id="arch"/> firmware to read it. Our
example makes this 32 MB, which is appropriate for storing kernels and
<c>elilo</c> configuration. You can expect each <keyval id="arch"/> kernel to
be around 5 MB, so this configuration leaves you some room to grow and
experiment.
</p>

<pre caption="Creating the boot partition">
(parted) <i>mkpart primary fat32 0 32</i>
(parted) <i>print</i>
Disk geometry for /dev/sda: 0.000-34732.890 megabytes
Disk label type: gpt
Minor    Start       End     Filesystem  Name                  Flags
1          0.017     32.000  fat32
</pre>

</body>
</subsection>
<subsection>
<title>Creating the Swap Partition</title>
<body>

<p>
Let's now create the swap partition.  The classic size to make the swap
partition was twice the amount of RAM in the system.  In modern systems with
lots of RAM, this is no longer necessary.  For most desktop systems, a 512
megabyte swap partition is sufficient.  For a server, you should consider
something larger to reflect the anticipated needs of the server.
</p>

<pre caption="Creating the swap partition">
(parted) <i>mkpart primary linux-swap 32 544</i>
(parted) <i>print</i>
Disk geometry for /dev/sda: 0.000-34732.890 megabytes
Disk label type: gpt
Minor    Start       End     Filesystem  Name                  Flags
1          0.017     32.000  fat32
2         32.000    544.000
</pre>

</body>
</subsection>
<subsection>
<title>Creating the Root Partition</title>
<body>

<p>
Finally, let's create the root partition.  Our configuration will make the root
partition to occupy the rest of the disk.  We default to ext4, but you can use
ext2, jfs, reiserfs or xfs if you prefer.  The actual filesystem is not created
in this step, but the partition table contains an indication of what kind of
filesystem is stored on each partition, and it's a good idea to make the table
match your intentions.
</p>

<pre caption="Creating the root partition">
(parted) <i>mkpart primary ext4 544 34732.890</i>
(parted) <i>print</i>
Disk geometry for /dev/sda: 0.000-34732.890 megabytes
Disk label type: gpt
Minor    Start       End     Filesystem  Name                  Flags
1          0.017     32.000  fat32
2         32.000    544.000
3        544.000  34732.874
</pre>

</body>
</subsection>
<subsection>
<title>Exiting parted</title>
<body>

<p>
To quit from parted, type <c>quit</c>.  There's no need to take a separate step
to save your partition layout since parted has been saving it all along.  As you
leave, parted gives you reminder to update your <c>/etc/fstab</c>, which we'll
do later in this guide.
</p>

<pre caption="Quit from parted">
(parted) <i>quit</i>
Information: Don't forget to update /etc/fstab, if necessary.
</pre>

<p>
Now that your partitions are created, you can continue with <uri
link="#filesystems">Creating Filesystems</uri>.
</p>

</body>
</subsection>
</section>
<section id="filesystems">
<title>Creating Filesystems</title>
<subsection>
<title>Introduction</title>
<body>

<p>
Now that your partitions are created, it is time to place a filesystem on them. 
If you don't care about what filesystem to choose and are happy with what we use
as default in this handbook, continue with <uri 
link="#filesystems-apply">Applying a Filesystem to a Partition</uri>.
Otherwise read on to learn about the available filesystems...
</p>

</body>
</subsection>

<subsection>
<include href="hb-install-filesystems.xml"/>
</subsection>

<subsection id="filesystems-apply">
<title>Applying a Filesystem to a Partition</title>
<body>

<p>
To create a filesystem on a partition or volume, there are tools available for 
each possible filesystem:
</p>

<table>
<tr>
  <th>Filesystem</th>
  <th>Creation Command</th>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti>vfat</ti>
  <ti><c>mkdosfs</c></ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti>ext2</ti>
  <ti><c>mkfs.ext2</c></ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti>ext3</ti>
  <ti><c>mkfs.ext3</c></ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti>ext4</ti>
  <ti><c>mkfs.ext4</c></ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti>reiserfs</ti>
  <ti><c>mkreiserfs</c></ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti>xfs</ti>
  <ti><c>mkfs.xfs</c></ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti>jfs</ti>
  <ti><c>mkfs.jfs</c></ti>
</tr>
</table>

<p>
For instance, to have the boot partition (<path>/dev/sda1</path> in our
example) as vfat and the root partition (<path>/dev/sda3</path> in our example)
as ext4, you would run the following commands:
</p>

<pre caption="Applying a filesystem on a partition">
# <i>mkdosfs /dev/sda1</i>
# <i>mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3</i>
</pre>

</body>
</subsection>
<subsection>
<title>Activating the Swap Partition</title>
<body>

<p>
<c>mkswap</c> is the command that is used to initialize swap partitions:
</p>

<pre caption="Creating a Swap signature">
# <i>mkswap /dev/sda2</i>
</pre>

<p>
To activate the swap partition, use <c>swapon</c>:
</p>

<pre caption="Activating the swap partition">
# <i>swapon /dev/sda2</i>
</pre>

<p>
Create and activate the swap with the commands mentioned above.
</p>

</body>
</subsection>
</section>
<section>
<title>Mounting</title>
<body>

<p>
Now that your partitions are initialized and are housing a filesystem, it is
time to mount those partitions. Use the <c>mount</c> command. Don't forget to
create the necessary mount directories for every partition you created. As an
example we mount the root and boot partition:
</p>

<pre caption="Mounting the root partition">
# <i>mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/gentoo</i>
</pre>

<note>
Unlike some of the other architectures supported by Gentoo, <path>/boot</path>
is not mounted on ia64. The reason for this is that the EFI boot partition will
be automatically mounted and written by the <c>elilo</c> command each time that
you run it. Because of this, <path>/boot</path> resides on the root filesystem
and is the storage place for the kernels referenced by your <c>elilo</c>
configuration.
</note>

<note>
If you want your <path>/tmp</path> to reside on a separate partition, be sure to
change its permissions after mounting: <c>chmod 1777 /mnt/gentoo/tmp</c>. This
also holds for <path>/var/tmp</path>.
</note>

<p>
We will also have to mount the proc filesystem (a virtual interface with the 
kernel) on <path>/proc</path>. But first we will need to place our files on the partitions.
</p>

<p>
Continue with <uri link="?part=1&amp;chap=5">Installing the Gentoo
Installation Files</uri>.
</p>

</body>
</section>
</sections>
1	vapier	1.1	<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
2			<!DOCTYPE sections SYSTEM "/dtd/book.dtd">
3
4			<!-- The content of this document is licensed under the CC-BY-SA license -->
5			<!-- See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5 -->
6
7	swift	1.15	<!-- $Header: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-ia64-disk.xml,v 1.14 2012/10/06 19:54:14 swift Exp $ -->
8	vapier	1.1
9			<sections>
10
11	swift	1.15	<version>10</version>
12			<date>2013-02-23</date>
13	vapier	1.1
14			<section>
15			<title>Introduction to Block Devices</title>
16	nightmorph	1.7
17	vapier	1.1	<subsection>
18	nightmorph	1.7	<include href="hb-install-blockdevices.xml"/>
19			</subsection>
20	vapier	1.1
21			<subsection>
22			<title>Partitions</title>
23			<body>
24
25			<p>
26			Although it is theoretically possible to use a full disk to house your Linux
27			system, this is almost never done in practice. Instead, full disk block devices
28			are split up in smaller, more manageable block devices. On <keyval id="arch"/>
29			systems, these are called <e>partitions</e>.
30			</p>
31
32			<p>
33			Itanium systems use EFI, the Extensible Firmware Interface, for booting. The
34			partition table format that EFI understands is called GPT, or GUID Partition
35			Table. The partitioning program that understands GPT is called "parted", so
36			that is the tool we will use below. Additionally, EFI can only read FAT
37			filesystems, so that is the format to use for the EFI boot partition, where the
38			kernel will be installed by "elilo".
39			</p>
40
41			</body>
42			</subsection>
43			<subsection>
44			<title>Advanced Storage</title>
45			<body>
46
47			<p>
48	swift	1.11	The <keyval id="arch"/> Installation CDs provide support for LVM2.
49			LVM2 increases the flexibility offered by your partitioning setup.
50	vapier	1.1	During the installation instructions, we will focus on "regular" partitions,
51	swift	1.11	but it is still good to know LVM2 is supported as well.
52	vapier	1.1	</p>
53
54			</body>
55			</subsection>
56			</section>
57			<section>
58			<title>Designing a Partitioning Scheme</title>
59			<subsection>
60			<title>Default Partitioning Scheme</title>
61			<body>
62
63			<p>
64			If you are not interested in drawing up a partitioning scheme for your system,
65			you can use the partitioning scheme we use throughout this book:
66			</p>
67
68			<table>
69			<tr>
70			<th>Partition</th>
71			<th>Filesystem</th>
72			<th>Size</th>
73			<th>Description</th>
74			</tr>
75			<tr>
76			<ti><path>/dev/sda1</path></ti>
77			<ti>vfat</ti>
78			<ti>32M</ti>
79			<ti>EFI Boot partition</ti>
80			</tr>
81			<tr>
82			<ti><path>/dev/sda2</path></ti>
83			<ti>(swap)</ti>
84			<ti>512M</ti>
85			<ti>Swap partition</ti>
86			</tr>
87			<tr>
88			<ti><path>/dev/sda3</path></ti>
89	swift	1.15	<ti>ext4</ti>
90	vapier	1.1	<ti>Rest of the disk</ti>
91			<ti>Root partition</ti>
92			</tr>
93			</table>
94
95			<p>
96			If you are interested in knowing how big a partition should be, or even how
97			many partitions you need, read on. Otherwise continue now with partitioning
98			your disk by reading <uri link="#parted">Using parted to Partition your
99			Disk</uri>.
100			</p>
101
102			</body>
103			</subsection>
104			<subsection>
105			<title>How Many and How Big?</title>
106			<body>
107
108			<p>
109			The number of partitions is highly dependent on your environment. For instance,
110			if you have lots of users, you will most likely want to have your
111			<path>/home</path> separate as it increases security and makes backups easier.
112			If you are installing Gentoo to perform as a mailserver, your
113			<path>/var</path> should be separate as all mails are stored inside
114			<path>/var</path>. A good choice of filesystem will then maximise your
115			performance. Gameservers will have a separate <path>/opt</path> as most gaming
116			servers are installed there. The reason is similar for <path>/home</path>:
117			security and backups. You will definitely want to keep <path>/usr</path> big:
118			not only will it contain the majority of applications, the Portage tree alone
119			takes around 500 Mbyte excluding the various sources that are stored in it.
120			</p>
121
122			<p>
123			As you can see, it very much depends on what you want to achieve. Separate
124			partitions or volumes have the following advantages:
125			</p>
126
127			<ul>
128			<li>
129			You can choose the best performing filesystem for each partition or volume
130			</li>
131			<li>
132			Your entire system cannot run out of free space if one defunct tool is
133			continuously writing files to a partition or volume
134			</li>
135			<li>
136			If necessary, file system checks are reduced in time, as multiple checks can
137			be done in parallel (although this advantage is more with multiple disks than
138			it is with multiple partitions)
139			</li>
140			<li>
141			Security can be enhanced by mounting some partitions or volumes read-only,
142			nosuid (setuid bits are ignored), noexec (executable bits are ignored) etc.
143			</li>
144			</ul>
145
146			<p>
147	swift	1.12	However, multiple partitions have disadvantages as well. If not configured
148			properly, you will have a system with lots of free space on one partition and
149			none on another. Another nuisance is that separate partitions - especially
150			for important mountpoints like <path>/usr</path> or <path>/var</path> - often
151			require the administrator to boot with an initramfs to mount the partition
152	swift	1.14	before other boot scripts start. This isn't always the case though, so your
153			results may vary.
154	swift	1.12	</p>
155
156			<p>
157			There is also a 15-partition limit for SCSI and SATA, unless you use GPT
158			labels.
159	vapier	1.1	</p>
160
161			<p>
162			As an example partitioning, we show you one for a 20GB disk, used as a
163			demonstration laptop (containing webserver, mailserver, gnome, ...):
164			</p>
165
166			<pre caption="Filesystem usage example">
167			$ <i>df -h</i>
168			Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
169	swift	1.15	/dev/sda5 ext4 509M 132M 351M 28% /
170			/dev/sda2 ext4 5.0G 3.0G 1.8G 63% /home
171			/dev/sda7 ext4 7.9G 6.2G 1.3G 83% /usr
172			/dev/sda8 ext4 1011M 483M 477M 51% /opt
173			/dev/sda9 ext4 2.0G 607M 1.3G 32% /var
174	nightmorph	1.7	/dev/sda1 ext2 51M 17M 31M 36% /boot
175			/dev/sda6 swap 516M 12M 504M 2% <not mounted>
176	vapier	1.1	<comment>(Unpartitioned space for future usage: 2 GB)</comment>
177			</pre>
178
179			<p>
180			<path>/usr</path> is rather full (83% used) here, but once
181			all software is installed, <path>/usr</path> doesn't tend to grow that much.
182			Although allocating a few gigabytes of disk space for <path>/var</path> may
183			seem excessive, remember that Portage uses this partition by default for
184			compiling packages. If you want to keep <path>/var</path> at a more reasonable
185			size, such as 1GB, you will need to alter your <c>PORTAGE_TMPDIR</c> variable
186	swift	1.13	in <path>/etc/portage/make.conf</path> to point to the partition with enough
187			free space for compiling extremely large packages such as OpenOffice.
188	vapier	1.1	</p>
189
190			</body>
191			</subsection>
192			</section>
193			<section id="parted">
194			<title>Using parted to Partition your Disk</title>
195			<subsection>
196			<body>
197
198			<p>
199			The following parts explain how to create the example partition layout
200			described previously, namely:
201			</p>
202
203			<table>
204			<tr>
205			<th>Partition</th>
206			<th>Description</th>
207			</tr>
208			<tr>
209			<ti><path>/dev/sda1</path></ti>
210			<ti>EFI Boot partition</ti>
211			</tr>
212			<tr>
213			<ti><path>/dev/sda2</path></ti>
214			<ti>Swap partition</ti>
215			</tr>
216			<tr>
217			<ti><path>/dev/sda3</path></ti>
218			<ti>Root partition</ti>
219			</tr>
220			</table>
221
222			<p>
223			Change your partition layout according to your own preference.
224			</p>
225
226			</body>
227			</subsection>
228			<subsection>
229			<title>Viewing the Current Partition Layout</title>
230			<body>
231
232			<p>
233			<c>parted</c> is the GNU partition editor.
234			Fire up <c>parted</c> on your disk (in our example, we use
235			<path>/dev/sda</path>):
236			</p>
237
238			<pre caption="Starting parted">
239			# <i>parted /dev/sda</i>
240			</pre>
241
242			<p>
243			Once in <c>parted</c>, you'll be greeted with a prompt that looks like this:
244			</p>
245
246			<pre caption="parted prompt">
247			GNU Parted 1.6.22
248			Copyright (C) 1998 - 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
249			This program is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License.
250
251			This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without
252			even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
253			General Public License for more details.
254
255			Using /dev/sda
256			(parted)
257			</pre>
258
259			<p>
260			At this point one of the available commands is <c>help</c>, which you should use
261			if you want to see the other available commands. Another command is
262			<c>print</c> which you should type next to display your disk's current partition
263			configuration:
264			</p>
265
266			<pre caption="An example partition configuration">
267			(parted) <i>print</i>
268			Disk geometry for /dev/sda: 0.000-34732.890 megabytes
269			Disk label type: gpt
270			Minor Start End Filesystem Name Flags
271			1 0.017 203.938 fat32 boot
272			2 203.938 4243.468 linux-swap
273	swift	1.15	3 4243.469 34724.281 ext4
274	vapier	1.1	</pre>
275
276			<p>
277			This particular configuration is very similar to the one that we recommend
278			above. Note on the second line that the partition table is type is GPT. If it
279			is different, then the ia64 system will not be able to boot from this disk.
280			For the sake of this guide we'll remove the partitions and create them anew.
281			</p>
282
283			</body>
284			</subsection>
285			<subsection>
286			<title>Removing all Partitions</title>
287			<body>
288
289			<note>
290			Unlike fdisk and some other partitioning programs which postpone committing
291			changes until you give the write instruction, parted commands take effect
292			immediately. So once you start adding and removing partitions, you can't
293			simply quit without writing them... they've already been written.
294			</note>
295
296			<p>
297			The easy way to remove all partitions and start fresh, which guarantees that we
298			are using the correct partition type, is to make a new partition table using the
299			<c>mklabel</c> command. After you do this, you will have an empty GPT partition
300			table.
301			</p>
302
303			<pre caption="Creating a new partition table">
304			(parted) <i>mklabel gpt</i>
305			(parted) <i>print</i>
306			Disk geometry for /dev/sda: 0.000-34732.890 megabytes
307			Disk label type: gpt
308			Minor Start End Filesystem Name Flags
309			</pre>
310
311			<p>
312			Now that the partition table is empty, we're ready to create the
313			partitions. We will use a default partitioning scheme as discussed previously.
314			Of course, don't follow these instructions to the letter if you don't want the
315			same partitioning scheme!
316			</p>
317
318			</body>
319			</subsection>
320			<subsection>
321			<title>Creating the EFI Boot Partition</title>
322			<body>
323
324			<p>
325			We first create a small EFI boot partition. This is required to be a FAT
326	nightmorph	1.9	filesystem in order for the <keyval id="arch"/> firmware to read it. Our
327			example makes this 32 MB, which is appropriate for storing kernels and
328			<c>elilo</c> configuration. You can expect each <keyval id="arch"/> kernel to
329			be around 5 MB, so this configuration leaves you some room to grow and
330			experiment.
331	vapier	1.1	</p>
332
333			<pre caption="Creating the boot partition">
334			(parted) <i>mkpart primary fat32 0 32</i>
335			(parted) <i>print</i>
336			Disk geometry for /dev/sda: 0.000-34732.890 megabytes
337			Disk label type: gpt
338			Minor Start End Filesystem Name Flags
339			1 0.017 32.000 fat32
340			</pre>
341
342			</body>
343			</subsection>
344			<subsection>
345			<title>Creating the Swap Partition</title>
346			<body>
347
348			<p>
349			Let's now create the swap partition. The classic size to make the swap
350			partition was twice the amount of RAM in the system. In modern systems with
351			lots of RAM, this is no longer necessary. For most desktop systems, a 512
352			megabyte swap partition is sufficient. For a server, you should consider
353			something larger to reflect the anticipated needs of the server.
354			</p>
355
356			<pre caption="Creating the swap partition">
357			(parted) <i>mkpart primary linux-swap 32 544</i>
358			(parted) <i>print</i>
359			Disk geometry for /dev/sda: 0.000-34732.890 megabytes
360			Disk label type: gpt
361			Minor Start End Filesystem Name Flags
362			1 0.017 32.000 fat32
363			2 32.000 544.000
364			</pre>
365
366			</body>
367			</subsection>
368			<subsection>
369			<title>Creating the Root Partition</title>
370			<body>
371
372			<p>
373			Finally, let's create the root partition. Our configuration will make the root
374	swift	1.15	partition to occupy the rest of the disk. We default to ext4, but you can use
375	vapier	1.1	ext2, jfs, reiserfs or xfs if you prefer. The actual filesystem is not created
376			in this step, but the partition table contains an indication of what kind of
377			filesystem is stored on each partition, and it's a good idea to make the table
378			match your intentions.
379			</p>
380
381			<pre caption="Creating the root partition">
382	swift	1.15	(parted) <i>mkpart primary ext4 544 34732.890</i>
383	vapier	1.1	(parted) <i>print</i>
384			Disk geometry for /dev/sda: 0.000-34732.890 megabytes
385			Disk label type: gpt
386			Minor Start End Filesystem Name Flags
387			1 0.017 32.000 fat32
388			2 32.000 544.000
389			3 544.000 34732.874
390			</pre>
391
392			</body>
393			</subsection>
394			<subsection>
395			<title>Exiting parted</title>
396			<body>
397
398			<p>
399			To quit from parted, type <c>quit</c>. There's no need to take a separate step
400			to save your partition layout since parted has been saving it all along. As you
401			leave, parted gives you reminder to update your <c>/etc/fstab</c>, which we'll
402			do later in this guide.
403			</p>
404
405			<pre caption="Quit from parted">
406			(parted) <i>quit</i>
407			Information: Don't forget to update /etc/fstab, if necessary.
408			</pre>
409
410			<p>
411	nightmorph	1.8	Now that your partitions are created, you can continue with <uri
412	vapier	1.1	link="#filesystems">Creating Filesystems</uri>.
413			</p>
414
415			</body>
416			</subsection>
417			</section>
418			<section id="filesystems">
419			<title>Creating Filesystems</title>
420			<subsection>
421			<title>Introduction</title>
422			<body>
423
424			<p>
425			Now that your partitions are created, it is time to place a filesystem on them.
426			If you don't care about what filesystem to choose and are happy with what we use
427			as default in this handbook, continue with <uri
428			link="#filesystems-apply">Applying a Filesystem to a Partition</uri>.
429			Otherwise read on to learn about the available filesystems...
430			</p>
431
432			</body>
433			</subsection>
434	nightmorph	1.7
435	vapier	1.1	<subsection>
436	nightmorph	1.7	<include href="hb-install-filesystems.xml"/>
437			</subsection>
438	vapier	1.1
439			<subsection id="filesystems-apply">
440			<title>Applying a Filesystem to a Partition</title>
441			<body>
442
443			<p>
444			To create a filesystem on a partition or volume, there are tools available for
445			each possible filesystem:
446			</p>
447
448			<table>
449			<tr>
450			<th>Filesystem</th>
451			<th>Creation Command</th>
452			</tr>
453			<tr>
454			<ti>vfat</ti>
455			<ti><c>mkdosfs</c></ti>
456			</tr>
457			<tr>
458			<ti>ext2</ti>
459	swift	1.10	<ti><c>mkfs.ext2</c></ti>
460	vapier	1.1	</tr>
461			<tr>
462			<ti>ext3</ti>
463	swift	1.10	<ti><c>mkfs.ext3</c></ti>
464			</tr>
465			<tr>
466			<ti>ext4</ti>
467			<ti><c>mkfs.ext4</c></ti>
468	vapier	1.1	</tr>
469			<tr>
470			<ti>reiserfs</ti>
471			<ti><c>mkreiserfs</c></ti>
472			</tr>
473			<tr>
474			<ti>xfs</ti>
475			<ti><c>mkfs.xfs</c></ti>
476			</tr>
477			<tr>
478			<ti>jfs</ti>
479			<ti><c>mkfs.jfs</c></ti>
480			</tr>
481			</table>
482
483			<p>
484			For instance, to have the boot partition (<path>/dev/sda1</path> in our
485			example) as vfat and the root partition (<path>/dev/sda3</path> in our example)
486	swift	1.15	as ext4, you would run the following commands:
487	vapier	1.1	</p>
488
489			<pre caption="Applying a filesystem on a partition">
490			# <i>mkdosfs /dev/sda1</i>
491	swift	1.15	# <i>mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3</i>
492	vapier	1.1	</pre>
493
494			</body>
495			</subsection>
496			<subsection>
497			<title>Activating the Swap Partition</title>
498			<body>
499
500			<p>
501			<c>mkswap</c> is the command that is used to initialize swap partitions:
502			</p>
503
504			<pre caption="Creating a Swap signature">
505			# <i>mkswap /dev/sda2</i>
506			</pre>
507
508			<p>
509			To activate the swap partition, use <c>swapon</c>:
510			</p>
511
512			<pre caption="Activating the swap partition">
513			# <i>swapon /dev/sda2</i>
514			</pre>
515
516			<p>
517			Create and activate the swap with the commands mentioned above.
518			</p>
519
520			</body>
521			</subsection>
522			</section>
523			<section>
524			<title>Mounting</title>
525			<body>
526
527			<p>
528			Now that your partitions are initialized and are housing a filesystem, it is
529			time to mount those partitions. Use the <c>mount</c> command. Don't forget to
530			create the necessary mount directories for every partition you created. As an
531			example we mount the root and boot partition:
532			</p>
533
534			<pre caption="Mounting the root partition">
535			# <i>mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/gentoo</i>
536			</pre>
537
538			<note>
539			Unlike some of the other architectures supported by Gentoo, <path>/boot</path>
540	nightmorph	1.9	is not mounted on ia64. The reason for this is that the EFI boot partition will
541			be automatically mounted and written by the <c>elilo</c> command each time that
542			you run it. Because of this, <path>/boot</path> resides on the root filesystem
543			and is the storage place for the kernels referenced by your <c>elilo</c>
544			configuration.
545	vapier	1.1	</note>
546
547			<note>
548			If you want your <path>/tmp</path> to reside on a separate partition, be sure to
549			change its permissions after mounting: <c>chmod 1777 /mnt/gentoo/tmp</c>. This
550			also holds for <path>/var/tmp</path>.
551			</note>
552
553			<p>
554			We will also have to mount the proc filesystem (a virtual interface with the
555			kernel) on <path>/proc</path>. But first we will need to place our files on the partitions.
556			</p>
557
558			<p>
559			Continue with <uri link="?part=1&chap=5">Installing the Gentoo
560			Installation Files</uri>.
561			</p>
562
563			</body>
564			</section>
565			</sections>