en/handbook/hb-install-ppc-disk.xml

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE sections SYSTEM "/dtd/book.dtd">

<!-- The content of this document is licensed under the CC-BY-SA license -->
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<!-- $Header: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-ppc-disk.xml,v 1.49 2010/07/21 01:28:29 nightmorph Exp $ -->

<sections>

<abstract>
To be able to install Gentoo, you must create the necessary partitions.
This chapter describes how to partition a disk for future usage.
</abstract>

<version>11</version>
<date>2011-10-17</date>

<section>
<title>Introduction to Block Devices</title>

<subsection>
<include href="hb-install-blockdevices.xml"/>
</subsection>

<subsection>
<title>Partitions</title>
<body>

<p>
Although it is theoretically possible to use a full disk to house your Linux
system, this is almost never done in practice. Instead, full disk block devices
are split up in smaller, more manageable block devices. On most systems,
these are called <e>partitions</e>.
</p>

</body>
</subsection>
</section>
<section>
<title>Designing a Partitioning Scheme</title>
<subsection>
<title>Default Partitioning Scheme</title>
<body>

<p>
If you are not interested in drawing up a partitioning scheme for your system,
you can use the partitioning scheme we use throughout this book.  Choose the
filesystem layout that best matches the type of PowerPC system you are 
installing on.
</p>

</body>
</subsection>
<subsection>
<title>Apple New World</title>
<body>

<p>
Apple New World machines are fairly straightforward to configure. The first
partition is always an <e>Apple Partition Map</e>. This partition keeps track of
the layout of the disk. You cannot remove this partition. The next partition
should always be a bootstrap partition. This partition contains a small (800k)
HFS filesystem that holds a copy of the bootloader Yaboot and its configuration
file. This partition is <e>not</e> the same as a <path>/boot</path> partition as
found on other architectures. After the boot partition, the usual Linux
filesystems are placed, according to the scheme below. The swap partition is a
temporary storage place for when your system runs out of physical memory. The
root partition will contain the filesystem that Gentoo is installed on. If you
wish to dual boot, the OSX partition can go anywhere after the bootstrap
partition to insure that yaboot starts first.
</p>

<note>
There may be "Disk Driver" partitions on your disk such as
<path>Apple_Driver63</path>, <path>Apple_Driver_ATA</path>,
<path>Apple_FWDriver</path>, <path>Apple_Driver_IOKit</path>, and
<path>Apple_Patches</path>. These are used to boot MacOS, so if you have no need
for this, you can remove them by initializing the disk with <c>mac-fdisk</c>'s
<c>i</c> option. This will completely erase the disk! If you are in doubt, just
let them be.
</note>

<note>
If you partitioned this disk with Apple's Disk Utility, there may be
128Mb spaces between partitions which Apple reserves for "future use". You
can safely remove these.
</note>

<table>
<tr>
  <th>Partition</th>
  <th>Size</th>
  <th>Filesystem</th>
  <th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda1</path></ti>
  <ti>32k</ti>
  <ti>None</ti>
  <ti>Apple Partition Map</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda2</path></ti>
  <ti>800k</ti>
  <ti>HFS</ti>
  <ti>Apple Bootstrap</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda3</path></ti>
  <ti>512Mb</ti>
  <ti>Swap</ti>
  <ti>Linux Swap</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda4</path></ti>
  <ti>Rest of Disk</ti>
  <ti>ext3, reiserfs, xfs</ti>
  <ti>Linux Root</ti>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</subsection>
<subsection>
<title>Apple Old World</title>
<body>

<p>
Apple Old World machines are a bit more complicated to configure. The first
partition is always an <e>Apple Partition Map</e>.  This partition keeps track
of the layout of the disk.  You cannot remove this partition.  If you are using
BootX, the configuration below assumes that MacOS is installed on a seperate
disk.  If this is not the case, there will be additional partitions for "Apple
Disk Drivers" such as <path>Apple_Driver63, Apple_Driver_ATA, Apple_FWDriver,
Apple_Driver_IOKit, Apple_Patches</path> and the MacOS install.  If you are 
using Quik, you will need to create a boot partition to hold the kernel, unlike
other Apple boot methods. After the boot partition, the usual Linux filesystems
are placed, according to the scheme below.  The swap partition is a temporary
storage place for when your system runs out of physical memory.  The root 
partition will contain the filesystem that Gentoo is installed on.
</p>

<note>
If you are using an OldWorld machine, you will need to keep MacOS available.
The layout here assumes MacOS is installed on a separate drive.
</note>

<table>
<tr>
  <th>Partition</th>
  <th>Size</th>
  <th>Filesystem</th>
  <th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda1</path></ti>
  <ti>32k</ti>
  <ti>None</ti>
  <ti>Apple Partition Map</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda2</path></ti>
  <ti>32Mb</ti>
  <ti>ext2</ti>
  <ti>Quik Boot Partition (quik only)</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda3</path></ti>
  <ti>512Mb</ti>
  <ti>Swap</ti>
  <ti>Linux Swap</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda4</path></ti>
  <ti>Rest of Disk</ti>
  <ti>ext3, reiserfs, xfs</ti>
  <ti>Linux Root</ti>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</subsection>
<subsection>
<title>Pegasos</title>
<body>

<p>
The Pegasos partition layout is quite simple compared to the Apple layouts.
The first partition is a Boot Partition, which contains kernels to be booted,
along with an Open Firmware script that presents a menu on boot.  After the boot
partition, the usual Linux filesystems are placed, according to the scheme
below.  The swap partition is a temporary storage place for when your system
runs out of physical memory.  The root partition will contain the filesystem
that Gentoo is installed on.  
</p>

<table>
<tr>
  <th>Partition</th>
  <th>Size</th>
  <th>Filesystem</th>
  <th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda1</path></ti>
  <ti>32Mb</ti>
  <ti>affs1 or ext2</ti>
  <ti>Boot Partition</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda2</path></ti>
  <ti>512Mb</ti>
  <ti>Swap</ti>
  <ti>Linux Swap</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda3</path></ti>
  <ti>Rest of Disk</ti>
  <ti>ext3, reiserfs, xfs</ti>
  <ti>Linux Root</ti>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</subsection>
<subsection>
<title>IBM PReP (RS/6000)</title>
<body>

<p>
The IBM PowerPC Reference Platform (PReP) requires a small PReP boot partition
on the disk's first partition, followed by the swap and root partitions.
</p>

<table>
<tr>
  <th>Partition</th>
  <th>Size</th>
  <th>Filesystem</th>
  <th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda1</path></ti>
  <ti>800k</ti>
  <ti>None</ti>
  <ti>PReP Boot Partition (Type 0x41)</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda2</path></ti>
  <ti>512Mb</ti>
  <ti>Swap</ti>
  <ti>Linux Swap (Type 0x82)</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti><path>/dev/sda3</path></ti>
  <ti>Rest of Disk</ti>
  <ti>ext3, reiserfs, xfs</ti>
  <ti>Linux Root (Type 0x83)</ti>
</tr>
</table>

<warn>
<c>parted</c> is able to resize partitions including HFS+. Unfortunately there
may be issues with resizing HFS+ journaled filesystems, so, for the best 
results, switch off journaling in Mac OS X before resizing. Remember that any
resizing operation is dangerous, so attempt at your own risk! Be sure to always
have a backup of your data before resizing!
</warn>

<p>
If you are interested in knowing how big a partition should be, or even how many
partitions you need, read on. Otherwise continue now with 
<uri link="#mac-fdisk"> Default: Using mac-fdisk (Apple) to Partition your Disk
</uri> or <uri link="#parted">Alternative: Using parted (IBM/Pegasos) to 
Partition your Disk</uri>.
</p>

</body>
</subsection>
<subsection>
<title>How Many and How Big?</title>
<body>

<p>
The number of partitions is highly dependent on your environment. For instance,
if you have lots of users, you will most likely want to have your
<path>/home</path> separate as it increases security and makes backups easier.
If you are installing Gentoo to perform as a mailserver, your <path>/var</path>
should be separate as all received mail is stored in <path>/var</path>. A good
choice of filesystem will then maximise your performance. Game servers should
have a separate <path>/opt</path> as most game servers are installed there. The
reason is similar for <path>/home</path>: security and backups. Whatever layout
you chose, you will definitely want to keep <path>/usr</path> large: not only 
will it contain the majority of applications, the Portage tree alone takes 
more than 500Mb excluding the various sources that are stored in it.
</p>

<p>
As you can see, it very much depends on what you want to achieve. Separate
partitions or volumes have the following advantages:
</p>

<ul>
<li>
  You can choose the best performing filesystem for each partition or volume
</li>
<li>
  Your entire system cannot run out of free space if one defunct tool is
  continuously writing files to a partition or volume
</li>
<li>
  If necessary, file system checks are reduced in time, as multiple checks can
  be done in parallel (although this advantage is more with multiple disks than
  it is with multiple partitions)
</li>
<li>
  Security can be enhanced by mounting some partitions or volumes read-only,
  nosuid (setuid bits are ignored), noexec (executable bits are ignored) etc.
</li>
</ul>

<p>
However, multiple partitions have disadvantages as well. If not configured
properly, you will have a system with lots of free space on one partition and
none on another. Another nuisance is that separate partitions - especially
for important mountpoints like <path>/usr</path> or <path>/var</path> - often
require the administrator to boot with an initramfs to mount the partition
before other boot scripts start. This isn't always the case though, so YMMV.
</p>

<p>
There is also a 15-partition limit for SCSI and SATA.
</p>

</body>
</subsection>
</section>
<section id="mac-fdisk">
<title>Default: Using mac-fdisk (Apple) Partition your Disk</title>
<body>

<p>
At this point, create your partitions using <c>mac-fdisk</c>:
</p>

<pre caption="Starting mac-fdisk">
# <i>mac-fdisk /dev/sda</i>
</pre>

<p>
If you used Apple's Disk Utility to leave space for Linux, first delete the
partitions you have created previously to make room for your new install. Use
<c>d</c> in <c>mac-fdisk</c> to delete those partition(s). It will ask for the
partition number to delete. Usually the first partition on NewWorld machines
(Apple_partition_map) cannot be deleted. If you would like to start with a 
clean disk, you can simply initialize the disk by pressing <c>i</c>. This 
will completely erase the disk, so use this with caution.
</p>

<p>
Second, create an <e>Apple_Bootstrap</e> partition by using <c>b</c>. It will
ask for what block you want to start. Enter the number of your first free
partition, followed by a <c>p</c>. For instance this is <c>2p</c>.
</p>

<note>
This partition is <e>not</e> a <path>/boot</path> partition. It is not used by
Linux at all; you don't have to place any filesystem on it and you should never
mount it. Apple users don't need an extra partition for <path>/boot</path>.
</note>

<p>
Now create a swap partition by pressing <c>c</c>. Again <c>mac-fdisk</c> will
ask for what block you want to start this partition from. As we used <c>2</c>
before to create the Apple_Bootstrap partition, you now have to enter
<c>3p</c>. When you're asked for the size, enter <c>512M</c> (or whatever size
you want -- a minimum of 512MB is recommended, but 2 times your physical memory
is the generally accepted size). When asked for a name, enter <c>swap</c>.
</p>

<p>
To create the root partition, enter <c>c</c>, followed by <c>4p</c> to select
from what block the root partition should start. When asked for the size, enter
<c>4p</c> again. <c>mac-fdisk</c> will interpret this as "Use all available
space". When asked for the name, enter <c>root</c>.
</p>

<p>
To finish up, write the partition to the disk using <c>w</c> and <c>q</c> to
quit <c>mac-fdisk</c>.
</p>

<note>
To make sure everything is ok, you should run <c>mac-fdisk -l</c> and check
whether all the partitions are there. If you don't see any of the partitions you
created, or the changes you made, you should reinitialize your partitions by
pressing <c>i</c> in <c>mac-fdisk</c>. Note that this will recreate the
partition map and thus remove all your partitions.
</note>

<p>
Now that your partitions are created, you can continue with 
<uri link="#filesystems">Creating Filesystems</uri>.
</p>

</body>
</section>
<section id="parted">
<title>Using parted to Partition your Disk (Pegasos and RS/6000)</title>
<body>

<p>
<c>parted</c>, the Partition Editor, can now handle HFS+ partitions used by
Mac OS and Mac OS X.  With this tool you can resize your Mac partitions and
create space for your Linux partitions.  Nevertheless, the example below
describes partitioning for Pegasos machines only.
</p>

<p>
To begin let's fire up <c>parted</c>:
</p>

<pre caption="Starting parted">
# <i>parted /dev/sda</i>
</pre>

<p>
If the drive is unpartitioned, run <c>mklabel amiga</c> to create a new 
disklabel for the drive.
</p>

<p>
You can type <c>print</c> at any time in parted to display the current partition
table. If at any time you change your mind or made a mistake you can press
<c>Ctrl-c</c> to abort <c>parted</c>.
</p>

<p>
If you intend to also install MorphOS on your Pegasos create an affs1 filesystem
at the start of the drive. 32MB should be more than enough to store the MorphOS
kernel. If you have a Pegasos I or intend to use any filesystem besides ext2 or
ext3, you will also have to store your Linux kernel on this partition (the
Pegasos II can only boot from ext2/ext3 or affs1 partitions). To create the
partition run <c>mkpart primary affs1 START END</c> where <c>START</c> and
<c>END</c> should be replaced with the megabyte range (e.g. <c>0 32</c>) which
creates a 32 MB partition starting at 0MB and ending at 32MB.  If you chose to
create an ext2 or ext3 partition instead, substitute ext2 or ext3 for affs1 in
the <c>mkpart</c> command.
</p>

<p>
You will need to create two partitions for Linux, one root filesystem and one 
swap partition. Run <c>mkpart primary START END</c> to create each partition,
replacing <c>START</c> and <c>END</c> with the desired megabyte boundries.
</p>

<p>
It is generally recommended that you create a swap partition that is two times
bigger than the amount of RAM in your computer, but at least 512Mb is 
recommended. To create the swap partition, run 
<c>mkpart primary linux-swap START END</c> with START and END again denoting
the partition boundries.
</p>

<p>
When you are done in <c>parted</c> simply type <c>quit</c>.
</p>

</body>
</section>
<section id="filesystems">
<title>Creating Filesystems</title>
<subsection>
<title>Introduction</title>
<body>

<p>
Now that your partitions are created, it is time to place a filesystem on them.
If you're not sure which filesystems to choose and are happy with our defaults,
continue with 
<uri link="#filesystems-apply">Applying a Filesystem to a Partition</uri>.
Otherwise, read on to learn about the available filesystems.
</p>

</body>
</subsection>

<subsection>
<include href="hb-install-filesystems.xml"/>
</subsection>

<subsection>
<title>Activating the Swap Partition</title>
<body>

<p>
<c>mkswap</c> is the command that is used to initialize swap partitions:
</p>

<pre caption="Creating a swap signature">
# <i>mkswap /dev/sda3</i>
</pre>

<p>
To activate the swap partition, use <c>swapon</c>:
</p>

<pre caption="Activating the swap partition">
# <i>swapon /dev/sda3</i>
</pre>

<p>
Create and activate the swap now before creating other filesystems.
</p>

</body>
</subsection>
<subsection id="filesystems-apply">
<title>Applying a Filesystem to a Partition</title>
<body>

<p>
To create a filesystem on a partition or volume, there are tools available for 
each possible filesystem:
</p>

<table>
<tr>
  <th>Filesystem</th>
  <th>Creation Command</th>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti>ext2</ti>
  <ti><c>mke2fs</c></ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti>ext3</ti>
  <ti><c>mke2fs -j</c></ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti>reiserfs</ti>
  <ti><c>mkreiserfs</c></ti>
</tr>
<tr>
  <ti>xfs</ti>
  <ti><c>mkfs.xfs</c></ti>
</tr>
</table>

<p>
For instance, to make an ext3 filesystem on the root partition 
(<path>/dev/sda4</path> in our example), you would use:
</p>

<pre caption="Applying a filesystem on a partition">
# <i>mke2fs -j /dev/sda4</i>
</pre>

<p>
Now create the filesystems on your newly created partitions (or logical
volumes).
</p>

<impo>
If you choose to use ReiserFS for <path>/</path>, do not change its default
block size if you will also be using <c>yaboot</c> as your bootloader, as
explained in <uri link="?part=1&amp;chap=10">Configuring the Bootloader</uri>.
</impo>

<note>
On the PegasosII your partition which holds the kernel must be ext2, ext3 or
affs1.  NewWorld machines can boot from any of ext2, ext3, XFS, ReiserFS or
even HFS/HFS+ filesystems.  On OldWorld machines booting with BootX, the kernel
must be placed on an HFS partition, but this will be completed when you
configure your bootloader.
</note>

</body>
</subsection>
</section>
<section>
<title>Mounting</title>
<body>

<p>
Now that your partitions are initialized and are housing a filesystem, it is
time to mount those partitions. Use the <c>mount</c> command. As an example we
mount the root partition:
</p>

<pre caption="Mounting partitions">
# <i>mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/gentoo</i>
</pre>

<note>
If you want your <path>/tmp</path> to reside on a separate partition, be sure to
change its permissions after mounting and unpacking with
<c>chmod 1777 /mnt/gentoo/tmp</c>. This is also true for <path>/var/tmp</path>.
</note>

<p>
Continue with <uri link="?part=1&amp;chap=5">Installing the Gentoo
Installation Files</uri>.
</p>

</body>
</section>
</sections>
1	<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
2	<!DOCTYPE sections SYSTEM "/dtd/book.dtd">
3
4	<!-- The content of this document is licensed under the CC-BY-SA license -->
5	<!-- See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5 -->
6
7	<!-- $Header: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-ppc-disk.xml,v 1.49 2010/07/21 01:28:29 nightmorph Exp $ -->
8
9	<sections>
10
11	<abstract>
12	To be able to install Gentoo, you must create the necessary partitions.
13	This chapter describes how to partition a disk for future usage.
14	</abstract>
15
16	<version>11</version>
17	<date>2011-10-17</date>
18
19	<section>
20	<title>Introduction to Block Devices</title>
21
22	<subsection>
23	<include href="hb-install-blockdevices.xml"/>
24	</subsection>
25
26	<subsection>
27	<title>Partitions</title>
28	<body>
29
30	<p>
31	Although it is theoretically possible to use a full disk to house your Linux
32	system, this is almost never done in practice. Instead, full disk block devices
33	are split up in smaller, more manageable block devices. On most systems,
34	these are called <e>partitions</e>.
35	</p>
36
37	</body>
38	</subsection>
39	</section>
40	<section>
41	<title>Designing a Partitioning Scheme</title>
42	<subsection>
43	<title>Default Partitioning Scheme</title>
44	<body>
45
46	<p>
47	If you are not interested in drawing up a partitioning scheme for your system,
48	you can use the partitioning scheme we use throughout this book. Choose the
49	filesystem layout that best matches the type of PowerPC system you are
50	installing on.
51	</p>
52
53	</body>
54	</subsection>
55	<subsection>
56	<title>Apple New World</title>
57	<body>
58
59	<p>
60	Apple New World machines are fairly straightforward to configure. The first
61	partition is always an <e>Apple Partition Map</e>. This partition keeps track of
62	the layout of the disk. You cannot remove this partition. The next partition
63	should always be a bootstrap partition. This partition contains a small (800k)
64	HFS filesystem that holds a copy of the bootloader Yaboot and its configuration
65	file. This partition is <e>not</e> the same as a <path>/boot</path> partition as
66	found on other architectures. After the boot partition, the usual Linux
67	filesystems are placed, according to the scheme below. The swap partition is a
68	temporary storage place for when your system runs out of physical memory. The
69	root partition will contain the filesystem that Gentoo is installed on. If you
70	wish to dual boot, the OSX partition can go anywhere after the bootstrap
71	partition to insure that yaboot starts first.
72	</p>
73
74	<note>
75	There may be "Disk Driver" partitions on your disk such as
76	<path>Apple_Driver63</path>, <path>Apple_Driver_ATA</path>,
77	<path>Apple_FWDriver</path>, <path>Apple_Driver_IOKit</path>, and
78	<path>Apple_Patches</path>. These are used to boot MacOS, so if you have no need
79	for this, you can remove them by initializing the disk with <c>mac-fdisk</c>'s
80	<c>i</c> option. This will completely erase the disk! If you are in doubt, just
81	let them be.
82	</note>
83
84	<note>
85	If you partitioned this disk with Apple's Disk Utility, there may be
86	128Mb spaces between partitions which Apple reserves for "future use". You
87	can safely remove these.
88	</note>
89
90	<table>
91	<tr>
92	<th>Partition</th>
93	<th>Size</th>
94	<th>Filesystem</th>
95	<th>Description</th>
96	</tr>
97	<tr>
98	<ti><path>/dev/sda1</path></ti>
99	<ti>32k</ti>
100	<ti>None</ti>
101	<ti>Apple Partition Map</ti>
102	</tr>
103	<tr>
104	<ti><path>/dev/sda2</path></ti>
105	<ti>800k</ti>
106	<ti>HFS</ti>
107	<ti>Apple Bootstrap</ti>
108	</tr>
109	<tr>
110	<ti><path>/dev/sda3</path></ti>
111	<ti>512Mb</ti>
112	<ti>Swap</ti>
113	<ti>Linux Swap</ti>
114	</tr>
115	<tr>
116	<ti><path>/dev/sda4</path></ti>
117	<ti>Rest of Disk</ti>
118	<ti>ext3, reiserfs, xfs</ti>
119	<ti>Linux Root</ti>
120	</tr>
121	</table>
122
123	</body>
124	</subsection>
125	<subsection>
126	<title>Apple Old World</title>
127	<body>
128
129	<p>
130	Apple Old World machines are a bit more complicated to configure. The first
131	partition is always an <e>Apple Partition Map</e>. This partition keeps track
132	of the layout of the disk. You cannot remove this partition. If you are using
133	BootX, the configuration below assumes that MacOS is installed on a seperate
134	disk. If this is not the case, there will be additional partitions for "Apple
135	Disk Drivers" such as <path>Apple_Driver63, Apple_Driver_ATA, Apple_FWDriver,
136	Apple_Driver_IOKit, Apple_Patches</path> and the MacOS install. If you are
137	using Quik, you will need to create a boot partition to hold the kernel, unlike
138	other Apple boot methods. After the boot partition, the usual Linux filesystems
139	are placed, according to the scheme below. The swap partition is a temporary
140	storage place for when your system runs out of physical memory. The root
141	partition will contain the filesystem that Gentoo is installed on.
142	</p>
143
144	<note>
145	If you are using an OldWorld machine, you will need to keep MacOS available.
146	The layout here assumes MacOS is installed on a separate drive.
147	</note>
148
149	<table>
150	<tr>
151	<th>Partition</th>
152	<th>Size</th>
153	<th>Filesystem</th>
154	<th>Description</th>
155	</tr>
156	<tr>
157	<ti><path>/dev/sda1</path></ti>
158	<ti>32k</ti>
159	<ti>None</ti>
160	<ti>Apple Partition Map</ti>
161	</tr>
162	<tr>
163	<ti><path>/dev/sda2</path></ti>
164	<ti>32Mb</ti>
165	<ti>ext2</ti>
166	<ti>Quik Boot Partition (quik only)</ti>
167	</tr>
168	<tr>
169	<ti><path>/dev/sda3</path></ti>
170	<ti>512Mb</ti>
171	<ti>Swap</ti>
172	<ti>Linux Swap</ti>
173	</tr>
174	<tr>
175	<ti><path>/dev/sda4</path></ti>
176	<ti>Rest of Disk</ti>
177	<ti>ext3, reiserfs, xfs</ti>
178	<ti>Linux Root</ti>
179	</tr>
180	</table>
181
182	</body>
183	</subsection>
184	<subsection>
185	<title>Pegasos</title>
186	<body>
187
188	<p>
189	The Pegasos partition layout is quite simple compared to the Apple layouts.
190	The first partition is a Boot Partition, which contains kernels to be booted,
191	along with an Open Firmware script that presents a menu on boot. After the boot
192	partition, the usual Linux filesystems are placed, according to the scheme
193	below. The swap partition is a temporary storage place for when your system
194	runs out of physical memory. The root partition will contain the filesystem
195	that Gentoo is installed on.
196	</p>
197
198	<table>
199	<tr>
200	<th>Partition</th>
201	<th>Size</th>
202	<th>Filesystem</th>
203	<th>Description</th>
204	</tr>
205	<tr>
206	<ti><path>/dev/sda1</path></ti>
207	<ti>32Mb</ti>
208	<ti>affs1 or ext2</ti>
209	<ti>Boot Partition</ti>
210	</tr>
211	<tr>
212	<ti><path>/dev/sda2</path></ti>
213	<ti>512Mb</ti>
214	<ti>Swap</ti>
215	<ti>Linux Swap</ti>
216	</tr>
217	<tr>
218	<ti><path>/dev/sda3</path></ti>
219	<ti>Rest of Disk</ti>
220	<ti>ext3, reiserfs, xfs</ti>
221	<ti>Linux Root</ti>
222	</tr>
223	</table>
224
225	</body>
226	</subsection>
227	<subsection>
228	<title>IBM PReP (RS/6000)</title>
229	<body>
230
231	<p>
232	The IBM PowerPC Reference Platform (PReP) requires a small PReP boot partition
233	on the disk's first partition, followed by the swap and root partitions.
234	</p>
235
236	<table>
237	<tr>
238	<th>Partition</th>
239	<th>Size</th>
240	<th>Filesystem</th>
241	<th>Description</th>
242	</tr>
243	<tr>
244	<ti><path>/dev/sda1</path></ti>
245	<ti>800k</ti>
246	<ti>None</ti>
247	<ti>PReP Boot Partition (Type 0x41)</ti>
248	</tr>
249	<tr>
250	<ti><path>/dev/sda2</path></ti>
251	<ti>512Mb</ti>
252	<ti>Swap</ti>
253	<ti>Linux Swap (Type 0x82)</ti>
254	</tr>
255	<tr>
256	<ti><path>/dev/sda3</path></ti>
257	<ti>Rest of Disk</ti>
258	<ti>ext3, reiserfs, xfs</ti>
259	<ti>Linux Root (Type 0x83)</ti>
260	</tr>
261	</table>
262
263	<warn>
264	<c>parted</c> is able to resize partitions including HFS+. Unfortunately there
265	may be issues with resizing HFS+ journaled filesystems, so, for the best
266	results, switch off journaling in Mac OS X before resizing. Remember that any
267	resizing operation is dangerous, so attempt at your own risk! Be sure to always
268	have a backup of your data before resizing!
269	</warn>
270
271	<p>
272	If you are interested in knowing how big a partition should be, or even how many
273	partitions you need, read on. Otherwise continue now with
274	<uri link="#mac-fdisk"> Default: Using mac-fdisk (Apple) to Partition your Disk
275	</uri> or <uri link="#parted">Alternative: Using parted (IBM/Pegasos) to
276	Partition your Disk</uri>.
277	</p>
278
279	</body>
280	</subsection>
281	<subsection>
282	<title>How Many and How Big?</title>
283	<body>
284
285	<p>
286	The number of partitions is highly dependent on your environment. For instance,
287	if you have lots of users, you will most likely want to have your
288	<path>/home</path> separate as it increases security and makes backups easier.
289	If you are installing Gentoo to perform as a mailserver, your <path>/var</path>
290	should be separate as all received mail is stored in <path>/var</path>. A good
291	choice of filesystem will then maximise your performance. Game servers should
292	have a separate <path>/opt</path> as most game servers are installed there. The
293	reason is similar for <path>/home</path>: security and backups. Whatever layout
294	you chose, you will definitely want to keep <path>/usr</path> large: not only
295	will it contain the majority of applications, the Portage tree alone takes
296	more than 500Mb excluding the various sources that are stored in it.
297	</p>
298
299	<p>
300	As you can see, it very much depends on what you want to achieve. Separate
301	partitions or volumes have the following advantages:
302	</p>
303
304	<ul>
305	<li>
306	You can choose the best performing filesystem for each partition or volume
307	</li>
308	<li>
309	Your entire system cannot run out of free space if one defunct tool is
310	continuously writing files to a partition or volume
311	</li>
312	<li>
313	If necessary, file system checks are reduced in time, as multiple checks can
314	be done in parallel (although this advantage is more with multiple disks than
315	it is with multiple partitions)
316	</li>
317	<li>
318	Security can be enhanced by mounting some partitions or volumes read-only,
319	nosuid (setuid bits are ignored), noexec (executable bits are ignored) etc.
320	</li>
321	</ul>
322
323	<p>
324	However, multiple partitions have disadvantages as well. If not configured
325	properly, you will have a system with lots of free space on one partition and
326	none on another. Another nuisance is that separate partitions - especially
327	for important mountpoints like <path>/usr</path> or <path>/var</path> - often
328	require the administrator to boot with an initramfs to mount the partition
329	before other boot scripts start. This isn't always the case though, so YMMV.
330	</p>
331
332	<p>
333	There is also a 15-partition limit for SCSI and SATA.
334	</p>
335
336	</body>
337	</subsection>
338	</section>
339	<section id="mac-fdisk">
340	<title>Default: Using mac-fdisk (Apple) Partition your Disk</title>
341	<body>
342
343	<p>
344	At this point, create your partitions using <c>mac-fdisk</c>:
345	</p>
346
347	<pre caption="Starting mac-fdisk">
348	# <i>mac-fdisk /dev/sda</i>
349	</pre>
350
351	<p>
352	If you used Apple's Disk Utility to leave space for Linux, first delete the
353	partitions you have created previously to make room for your new install. Use
354	<c>d</c> in <c>mac-fdisk</c> to delete those partition(s). It will ask for the
355	partition number to delete. Usually the first partition on NewWorld machines
356	(Apple_partition_map) cannot be deleted. If you would like to start with a
357	clean disk, you can simply initialize the disk by pressing <c>i</c>. This
358	will completely erase the disk, so use this with caution.
359	</p>
360
361	<p>
362	Second, create an <e>Apple_Bootstrap</e> partition by using <c>b</c>. It will
363	ask for what block you want to start. Enter the number of your first free
364	partition, followed by a <c>p</c>. For instance this is <c>2p</c>.
365	</p>
366
367	<note>
368	This partition is <e>not</e> a <path>/boot</path> partition. It is not used by
369	Linux at all; you don't have to place any filesystem on it and you should never
370	mount it. Apple users don't need an extra partition for <path>/boot</path>.
371	</note>
372
373	<p>
374	Now create a swap partition by pressing <c>c</c>. Again <c>mac-fdisk</c> will
375	ask for what block you want to start this partition from. As we used <c>2</c>
376	before to create the Apple_Bootstrap partition, you now have to enter
377	<c>3p</c>. When you're asked for the size, enter <c>512M</c> (or whatever size
378	you want -- a minimum of 512MB is recommended, but 2 times your physical memory
379	is the generally accepted size). When asked for a name, enter <c>swap</c>.
380	</p>
381
382	<p>
383	To create the root partition, enter <c>c</c>, followed by <c>4p</c> to select
384	from what block the root partition should start. When asked for the size, enter
385	<c>4p</c> again. <c>mac-fdisk</c> will interpret this as "Use all available
386	space". When asked for the name, enter <c>root</c>.
387	</p>
388
389	<p>
390	To finish up, write the partition to the disk using <c>w</c> and <c>q</c> to
391	quit <c>mac-fdisk</c>.
392	</p>
393
394	<note>
395	To make sure everything is ok, you should run <c>mac-fdisk -l</c> and check
396	whether all the partitions are there. If you don't see any of the partitions you
397	created, or the changes you made, you should reinitialize your partitions by
398	pressing <c>i</c> in <c>mac-fdisk</c>. Note that this will recreate the
399	partition map and thus remove all your partitions.
400	</note>
401
402	<p>
403	Now that your partitions are created, you can continue with
404	<uri link="#filesystems">Creating Filesystems</uri>.
405	</p>
406
407	</body>
408	</section>
409	<section id="parted">
410	<title>Using parted to Partition your Disk (Pegasos and RS/6000)</title>
411	<body>
412
413	<p>
414	<c>parted</c>, the Partition Editor, can now handle HFS+ partitions used by
415	Mac OS and Mac OS X. With this tool you can resize your Mac partitions and
416	create space for your Linux partitions. Nevertheless, the example below
417	describes partitioning for Pegasos machines only.
418	</p>
419
420	<p>
421	To begin let's fire up <c>parted</c>:
422	</p>
423
424	<pre caption="Starting parted">
425	# <i>parted /dev/sda</i>
426	</pre>
427
428	<p>
429	If the drive is unpartitioned, run <c>mklabel amiga</c> to create a new
430	disklabel for the drive.
431	</p>
432
433	<p>
434	You can type <c>print</c> at any time in parted to display the current partition
435	table. If at any time you change your mind or made a mistake you can press
436	<c>Ctrl-c</c> to abort <c>parted</c>.
437	</p>
438
439	<p>
440	If you intend to also install MorphOS on your Pegasos create an affs1 filesystem
441	at the start of the drive. 32MB should be more than enough to store the MorphOS
442	kernel. If you have a Pegasos I or intend to use any filesystem besides ext2 or
443	ext3, you will also have to store your Linux kernel on this partition (the
444	Pegasos II can only boot from ext2/ext3 or affs1 partitions). To create the
445	partition run <c>mkpart primary affs1 START END</c> where <c>START</c> and
446	<c>END</c> should be replaced with the megabyte range (e.g. <c>0 32</c>) which
447	creates a 32 MB partition starting at 0MB and ending at 32MB. If you chose to
448	create an ext2 or ext3 partition instead, substitute ext2 or ext3 for affs1 in
449	the <c>mkpart</c> command.
450	</p>
451
452	<p>
453	You will need to create two partitions for Linux, one root filesystem and one
454	swap partition. Run <c>mkpart primary START END</c> to create each partition,
455	replacing <c>START</c> and <c>END</c> with the desired megabyte boundries.
456	</p>
457
458	<p>
459	It is generally recommended that you create a swap partition that is two times
460	bigger than the amount of RAM in your computer, but at least 512Mb is
461	recommended. To create the swap partition, run
462	<c>mkpart primary linux-swap START END</c> with START and END again denoting
463	the partition boundries.
464	</p>
465
466	<p>
467	When you are done in <c>parted</c> simply type <c>quit</c>.
468	</p>
469
470	</body>
471	</section>
472	<section id="filesystems">
473	<title>Creating Filesystems</title>
474	<subsection>
475	<title>Introduction</title>
476	<body>
477
478	<p>
479	Now that your partitions are created, it is time to place a filesystem on them.
480	If you're not sure which filesystems to choose and are happy with our defaults,
481	continue with
482	<uri link="#filesystems-apply">Applying a Filesystem to a Partition</uri>.
483	Otherwise, read on to learn about the available filesystems.
484	</p>
485
486	</body>
487	</subsection>
488
489	<subsection>
490	<include href="hb-install-filesystems.xml"/>
491	</subsection>
492
493	<subsection>
494	<title>Activating the Swap Partition</title>
495	<body>
496
497	<p>
498	<c>mkswap</c> is the command that is used to initialize swap partitions:
499	</p>
500
501	<pre caption="Creating a swap signature">
502	# <i>mkswap /dev/sda3</i>
503	</pre>
504
505	<p>
506	To activate the swap partition, use <c>swapon</c>:
507	</p>
508
509	<pre caption="Activating the swap partition">
510	# <i>swapon /dev/sda3</i>
511	</pre>
512
513	<p>
514	Create and activate the swap now before creating other filesystems.
515	</p>
516
517	</body>
518	</subsection>
519	<subsection id="filesystems-apply">
520	<title>Applying a Filesystem to a Partition</title>
521	<body>
522
523	<p>
524	To create a filesystem on a partition or volume, there are tools available for
525	each possible filesystem:
526	</p>
527
528	<table>
529	<tr>
530	<th>Filesystem</th>
531	<th>Creation Command</th>
532	</tr>
533	<tr>
534	<ti>ext2</ti>
535	<ti><c>mke2fs</c></ti>
536	</tr>
537	<tr>
538	<ti>ext3</ti>
539	<ti><c>mke2fs -j</c></ti>
540	</tr>
541	<tr>
542	<ti>reiserfs</ti>
543	<ti><c>mkreiserfs</c></ti>
544	</tr>
545	<tr>
546	<ti>xfs</ti>
547	<ti><c>mkfs.xfs</c></ti>
548	</tr>
549	</table>
550
551	<p>
552	For instance, to make an ext3 filesystem on the root partition
553	(<path>/dev/sda4</path> in our example), you would use:
554	</p>
555
556	<pre caption="Applying a filesystem on a partition">
557	# <i>mke2fs -j /dev/sda4</i>
558	</pre>
559
560	<p>
561	Now create the filesystems on your newly created partitions (or logical
562	volumes).
563	</p>
564
565	<impo>
566	If you choose to use ReiserFS for <path>/</path>, do not change its default
567	block size if you will also be using <c>yaboot</c> as your bootloader, as
568	explained in <uri link="?part=1&chap=10">Configuring the Bootloader</uri>.
569	</impo>
570
571	<note>
572	On the PegasosII your partition which holds the kernel must be ext2, ext3 or
573	affs1. NewWorld machines can boot from any of ext2, ext3, XFS, ReiserFS or
574	even HFS/HFS+ filesystems. On OldWorld machines booting with BootX, the kernel
575	must be placed on an HFS partition, but this will be completed when you
576	configure your bootloader.
577	</note>
578
579	</body>
580	</subsection>
581	</section>
582	<section>
583	<title>Mounting</title>
584	<body>
585
586	<p>
587	Now that your partitions are initialized and are housing a filesystem, it is
588	time to mount those partitions. Use the <c>mount</c> command. As an example we
589	mount the root partition:
590	</p>
591
592	<pre caption="Mounting partitions">
593	# <i>mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/gentoo</i>
594	</pre>
595
596	<note>
597	If you want your <path>/tmp</path> to reside on a separate partition, be sure to
598	change its permissions after mounting and unpacking with
599	<c>chmod 1777 /mnt/gentoo/tmp</c>. This is also true for <path>/var/tmp</path>.
600	</note>
601
602	<p>
603	Continue with <uri link="?part=1&chap=5">Installing the Gentoo
604	Installation Files</uri>.
605	</p>
606
607	</body>
608	</section>
609	</sections>