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<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> |
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<!DOCTYPE sections SYSTEM "/dtd/book.dtd"> |
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|
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<!-- The content of this document is licensed under the CC-BY-SA license --> |
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<!-- See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5 --> |
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|
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<!-- $Header: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-ppc-kernel.xml,v 1.50 2007/05/17 16:56:43 rane Exp $ --> |
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|
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<sections> |
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|
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<version>8.2</version> |
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<date>2007-05-19</date> |
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|
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<section> |
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<title>Timezone</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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You first need to select your timezone so that your system knows where it is |
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located. Look for your timezone in <path>/usr/share/zoneinfo</path>, then copy |
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it to <path>/etc/localtime</path>. Please avoid the |
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<path>/usr/share/zoneinfo/Etc/GMT*</path> timezones as their names do not |
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indicate the expected zones. For instance, <path>GMT-8</path> is in fact |
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GMT+8. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Setting the timezone information"> |
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# <i>ls /usr/share/zoneinfo</i> |
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<comment>(Suppose you want to use GMT)</comment> |
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# <i>cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/GMT /etc/localtime</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Next, define the timezone you just used in <path>/etc/conf.d/clock</path> so |
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that further upgrades of the <c>sys-libs/timezone-data</c> package can update |
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<path>/etc/localtime</path> automatically. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Setting the TIMEZONE variable in /etc/conf.d/clock"> |
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# <i>nano -w /etc/conf.d/clock</i> |
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TIMEZONE="GMT" |
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</pre> |
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|
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</body> |
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</section> |
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<section> |
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<title>Installing the Kernel Sources</title> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Choosing a Kernel</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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The core around which all distributions are built is the Linux kernel. It is the |
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layer between the user programs and your system hardware. Gentoo provides its |
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users several possible kernels to choose from. A full listing with description |
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is available at the |
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<uri link="/doc/en/gentoo-kernel.xml">Gentoo Kernel Guide</uri>. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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We suggest using <c>gentoo-sources</c> on PPC, which is a recent 2.6 kernel. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Installing a kernel source"> |
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# <i>emerge gentoo-sources</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you take a look in <path>/usr/src</path> you should see a symlink named |
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<path>linux</path> pointing to your current kernel source. In this case, the |
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installed kernel source points to <c>gentoo-sources-<keyval |
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id="kernel-version"/></c>. Your version may be different, so keep this in mind. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Viewing the kernel source symlink"> |
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# <i>ls -l /usr/src/linux</i> |
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lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 22 Mar 18 16:23 /usr/src/linux -> linux-<keyval id="kernel-gentoo"/> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now it is time to configure and compile your kernel source. You can use |
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<c>genkernel</c> for this, which will build a generic kernel as used by the |
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Installation CD. We explain the "manual" configuration first though, as it is |
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a more efficient configuration. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you want to manually configure your kernel, continue now with <uri |
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link="#manual">Default: Manual Configuration</uri>. If you want to use |
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<c>genkernel</c> you should read <uri link="#genkernel">Alternative: Using |
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genkernel</uri> instead. |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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</section> |
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<section id="manual"> |
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<title>Default: Manual Configuration</title> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Introduction</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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Manually configuring a kernel is often seen as the most difficult procedure a |
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Linux user ever has to perform. Nothing is less true -- after configuring a |
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few kernels you won't even remember that it was difficult ;) |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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However, one thing <e>is</e> true: you must know your system when you start |
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configuring a kernel manually. Most information can be gathered by emerging |
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pciutils (<c>emerge pciutils</c>) which contains the program |
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<c>lspci</c>. You will now be able to use <c>lspci</c> within the chrooted |
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environment. You may safely ignore any <e>pcilib</e> warnings (such as pcilib: |
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cannot open /sys/bus/pci/devices) that <c>lspci</c> throws out. Alternatively, |
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you can run <c>lspci</c> from a <e>non-chrooted</e> environment. The results |
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are the same. You can also run <c>lsmod</c> to see what kernel modules the |
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Installation CD uses (it might provide you with a nice hint on what to enable). |
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Another place to look for clues as to what components to enable is to check the |
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kernel message logs from the successful boot that got you this far. Type |
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<c>dmesg</c> to see these kernel messages. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now, go to your kernel source directory, it's time to configure your kernel. |
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Start by configuring a kernel that will boot on most 32 Bit PowerPC machines |
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by first running <c>make pmac32_defconfig</c>. After the default configuration |
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has been generated, run <c>make menuconfig</c> to start an ncurses-based |
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configuration menu. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Invoking menuconfig"> |
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# <i>cd /usr/src/linux</i> |
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# <i>make pmac32_defconfig</i> |
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# <i>make menuconfig</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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You will be greeted with several configuration sections. We'll first list some |
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options you must activate (otherwise Gentoo will not function, or not function |
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properly without additional tweaks). |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Activating Required Options</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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First of all, activate the use of development and experimental code/drivers. |
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You need this, otherwise some very important code/drivers won't show up: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Selecting experimental code/drivers"> |
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Code maturity level options ---> |
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[*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now go to <c>File Systems</c> and select support for the filesystems you use. |
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<e>Don't</e> compile them as modules, otherwise your Gentoo system will not be |
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able to mount your partitions. Also select the <c>/proc file system</c> and |
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<c>Virtual memory</c>. Make sure that you also enable support for Amiga |
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partitions if you are using a Pegasos, or Macintosh partitions if you are using |
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an Apple computer. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Selecting necessary file systems"> |
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File systems ---> |
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Pseudo Filesystems ---> |
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<comment>(/proc may already be forced on by your configuration, if so, you'll see --- instead)</comment> |
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[*] /proc file system support |
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[*] Virtual memory file system support (former shm fs) |
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Partition Types ---> |
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[*] Amiga partition table support |
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[*] Macintosh partition map support |
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|
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<comment>(Select one or more of the following options as needed by your system)</comment> |
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<*> Reiserfs support |
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<*> Ext3 journalling file system support |
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<*> Second extended fs support |
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<*> XFS filesystem support |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Users of NewWorld and OldWorld machines will want HFS support as well. OldWorld |
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users require it for copying compiled kernels to the MacOS partition. NewWorld |
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users require it for configuring the special Apple_Bootstrap partition: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Activating HFS support"> |
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File Systems ---> |
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Miscellaneous filesystems ---> |
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<*> Apple Macintosh file system support |
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<*> Apple Extended HFS file system support |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you are using PPPoE to connect to the Internet or you are using a dial-up |
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modem, you will need the following options in the kernel: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Selecting PPPoE necessary drivers"> |
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Device Drivers ---> |
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Network device support ---> |
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<*> PPP (point-to-point protocol) support |
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<*> PPP support for async serial ports |
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<*> PPP support for sync tty ports |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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The two compression options won't harm but are not always needed. The <c>PPP |
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over Ethernet</c> option might only be used by <c>ppp</c> when configured to |
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perform kernel mode PPPoE. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Don't forget to include support in the kernel for your ethernet card! Most |
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newer Apple computers use the SunGEM ethernet driver. Older iMacs commonly use |
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the BMAC driver. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Selecting the network driver"> |
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Device Drivers ---> |
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Network device support ---> |
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Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit) ---> |
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[*] Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit) |
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<*> Generic Media Independent Interface device support |
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<*> MACE (Power Mac ethernet) support |
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<*> BMAC (G3 ethernet) support |
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<*> Sun GEM support |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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At this time, full kernel preemption may still be unstable on PPC and may cause |
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compilation failures and random segfaults. It is <e>strongly</e> suggested |
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that you do not use this feature. Both <e>Voluntary Preemption</e> and |
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<e>No Forced Preemption</e> should be safe. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Ensure the Preemptible Kernel Option is Off"> |
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Kernel options ---> |
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<comment>(Select One)</comment> |
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Preemption Model |
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(X) No Forced Preemption (Server) |
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(X) Voluntary Kernel Preemption (Desktop) |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you're booting from Firewire, you'll need to enable these options. If you do |
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not want to compile in support, you'll need to include these modules and their |
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dependencies in an initrd. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Enable support for firewire devices on boot"> |
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Device Drivers ---> |
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IEEE 1394 (FireWire) support ---> |
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<*> IEEE 1394 (FireWire) support |
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<*> OHCI-1394 support |
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<*> SBP-2 support (Harddisks etc.) |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you're booting from USB, you'll need to enable these options. If you do not |
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want to compile in support, you'll need to include these modules and their |
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dependencies in an initrd. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Enable support for USB devices on boot"> |
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Device Drivers ---> |
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USB support ---> |
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<*> Support for Host-side USB |
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<*> OHCI HCD support |
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<*> USB Mass Storage support |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Do not turn off kernel framebuffer support as it is required for a successful |
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boot. If you are using an NVIDIA based chipset, you should use the OpenFirmware |
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framebuffer. If you are using an ATI based chipset, you should select the |
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framebuffer driver based upon your chipset (Mach64, Rage128 or Radeon). |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Choosing a Framebuffer Driver"> |
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Device Drivers ---> |
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Graphics support ---> |
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<*> Support for frame buffer devices |
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[*] Open Firmware frame buffer device support |
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<*> ATI Radeon display support |
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<*> ATI Rage128 display support |
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<*> ATI Mach64 display support |
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Console display driver support ---> |
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<*> Framebuffer Console support |
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</pre> |
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|
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<note> |
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If you select more than one framebuffer device, it may default to a less than |
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optimal driver. Either use only one framebuffer device or specify which |
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to use by passing the driver to use to the kernel on boot by appending a video |
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line such as: <c>video=radeonfb</c>. |
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</note> |
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|
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<p> |
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When you're done configuring your kernel, continue with <uri |
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link="#compiling">Compiling and Installing</uri>. |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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<subsection id="compiling"> |
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<title>Compiling and Installing</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now that your kernel is configured, it is time to compile and install it. Exit |
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the configuration menu and run the following commands: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Compiling the kernel"> |
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# <i>make && make modules_install</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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When the kernel has finished compiling, copy the kernel image to |
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<path>/boot</path> as shown below. If you have a separate boot partition, as |
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on Pegasos computers, be sure that it is mounted properly. If you are using |
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BootX to boot, we'll copy the kernel later. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Yaboot and BootX expect to use an uncompressed kernel unlike many other |
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bootloaders. The uncompressed kernel is called vmlinux and it is placed in |
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<path>/usr/src/linux</path> after the kernel has finished compiling. If you are |
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using a Pegasos machine, the Pegasos firmware requires a compressed kernel |
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called zImage which can be found in |
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<path>/usr/src/linux/arch/powerpc/boot/images</path>. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Installing the kernel"> |
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# <i>cd /usr/src/linux</i> |
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<comment>Note, your kernel version might be different</comment> |
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<comment>(Apple/IBM)</comment> |
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# <i>cp vmlinux /boot/<keyval id="kernel-name"/></i> |
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<comment>(Pegasos)</comment> |
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# <i>cp arch/powerpc/boot/images/zImage /boot/<kernel-version></i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now continue with <uri link="#kernel_modules">Installing Separate Kernel |
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Modules</uri>. |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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</section> |
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<section id="kernel_modules"> |
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<title>Installing Separate Kernel Modules</title> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Configuring the Modules</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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You should list the modules you want automatically loaded in |
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<path>/etc/modules.autoload.d/kernel-2.6</path>. You can add extra options to |
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the modules if required. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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To view all available modules, run the following <c>find</c> command. Don't |
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forget to substitute "<kernel version>" with the version of the kernel you |
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just compiled: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Viewing all available modules"> |
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# <i>find /lib/modules/<kernel version>/ -type f -iname '*.o' -or -iname '*.ko'</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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For instance, to automatically load the <c>3c59x</c> module, edit the |
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<path>kernel-2.6</path> file and add the module to it, one module on a line. |
| 382 |
</p> |
| 383 |
|
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<pre caption="Editing /etc/modules.autoload.d/kernel-2.6"> |
| 385 |
# <i>nano -w /etc/modules.autoload.d/kernel-2.6</i> |
| 386 |
</pre> |
| 387 |
|
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<pre caption="/etc/modules.autoload.d/kernel-2.6"> |
| 389 |
3c59x |
| 390 |
</pre> |
| 391 |
|
| 392 |
<p> |
| 393 |
Continue the installation with <uri link="?part=1&chap=8">Configuring |
| 394 |
your System</uri>. |
| 395 |
</p> |
| 396 |
|
| 397 |
</body> |
| 398 |
</subsection> |
| 399 |
</section> |
| 400 |
<section id="genkernel"> |
| 401 |
<title>Alternative: Using genkernel</title> |
| 402 |
<body> |
| 403 |
|
| 404 |
<p> |
| 405 |
Now that your kernel source tree is installed, it's now time to compile your |
| 406 |
kernel by using our <c>genkernel</c> script to automatically build a kernel for |
| 407 |
you. <c>genkernel</c> works by configuring a kernel nearly identically to the |
| 408 |
way our Installation CD kernel is configured. This means that when you use |
| 409 |
<c>genkernel</c> to build your kernel, your system will generally detect all |
| 410 |
your hardware at boot-time, just like our Installation CD does. Because |
| 411 |
genkernel doesn't require any manual kernel configuration, it is an ideal |
| 412 |
solution for those users who may not be comfortable compiling their own |
| 413 |
kernels. |
| 414 |
</p> |
| 415 |
|
| 416 |
<p> |
| 417 |
Now, let's see how to use genkernel. First, emerge the genkernel ebuild: |
| 418 |
</p> |
| 419 |
|
| 420 |
<pre caption="Emerging genkernel"> |
| 421 |
# <i>emerge genkernel</i> |
| 422 |
</pre> |
| 423 |
|
| 424 |
<p> |
| 425 |
Next, copy over the kernel configuration used by the Installation CD to the |
| 426 |
location where genkernel looks for the default kernel configuration: |
| 427 |
</p> |
| 428 |
|
| 429 |
<pre caption="Copying over the Installation CD kernel config"> |
| 430 |
# <i>zcat /proc/config.gz > /usr/share/genkernel/ppc/kernel-config-2.6</i> |
| 431 |
</pre> |
| 432 |
|
| 433 |
<p> |
| 434 |
If you are using firewire or USB to boot, you'll need to add modules to the |
| 435 |
initrd. Edit <path>/usr/share/genkernel/ppc/modules_load</path> and change |
| 436 |
<c>MODULES_FIREWIRE="ieee1394 ohci1394 sbp2"</c> for firewire support or |
| 437 |
<c>MODULES_USB="usbcore ohci-hcd ehci-hcd usb-storage"</c> for USB support. |
| 438 |
</p> |
| 439 |
|
| 440 |
<p> |
| 441 |
Before compiling your sources, the fstab needs a slight adjustment. The rest of |
| 442 |
the fstab will be completed during a later step, so don't worry about the |
| 443 |
details now. If you did not create a separate boot partition (NOT bootstrap, |
| 444 |
that's different), remove the line referencing <path>/boot</path> from |
| 445 |
<path>/etc/fstab</path>. This will need to be done on most Apple computers. |
| 446 |
</p> |
| 447 |
|
| 448 |
<pre caption="Removing /boot from /etc/fstab on machines without a boot partition"> |
| 449 |
# <i>nano -w /etc/fstab</i> |
| 450 |
<comment>Remove this line</comment> |
| 451 |
/dev/BOOT /boot ext2 noauto,noatime 1 2 |
| 452 |
</pre> |
| 453 |
|
| 454 |
<p> |
| 455 |
Now, compile your kernel sources by running <c>genkernel --genzimage all</c>. |
| 456 |
For Pegasos, we will need to use a different config and create a zImage instead |
| 457 |
of the vmlinux kernel used on Apple machines. Be aware, as <c>genkernel</c> |
| 458 |
compiles a kernel that supports almost all hardware, this compilation can take |
| 459 |
quite a while to finish! |
| 460 |
</p> |
| 461 |
|
| 462 |
<p> |
| 463 |
Note that, if your partition where the kernel should be located doesn't use ext2 |
| 464 |
or ext3 as filesystem you might need to manually configure your kernel using |
| 465 |
<c>genkernel --menuconfig all</c> and add support for your |
| 466 |
filesystem <e>in</e> the kernel (i.e. <e>not</e> as a module). Users of EVMS2 or |
| 467 |
LVM2 will probably want to add <c>--evms2</c> or <c>--lvm2</c> as an argument as |
| 468 |
well. |
| 469 |
</p> |
| 470 |
|
| 471 |
<pre caption="Running genkernel"> |
| 472 |
# <i>genkernel all</i> |
| 473 |
</pre> |
| 474 |
|
| 475 |
<pre caption="Running genkernel on the Pegasos"> |
| 476 |
# <i>genkernel --genzimage --kernel-config=/usr/share/genkernel/ppc/Pegasos all</i> |
| 477 |
</pre> |
| 478 |
|
| 479 |
<p> |
| 480 |
Once <c>genkernel</c> completes, a kernel, full set of modules and |
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<e>initial root disk</e> (initrd) will be created. We will use the kernel |
| 482 |
and initrd when configuring a boot loader later in this document. Write |
| 483 |
down the names of the kernel and initrd as you will need them when writing |
| 484 |
the bootloader configuration file. The initrd will be started immediately after |
| 485 |
booting to perform hardware autodetection (just like on the Installation CD) |
| 486 |
before your "real" system starts up. Be sure to also copy down the required |
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boot arguments, these are required for a successful boot with genkernel. |
| 488 |
</p> |
| 489 |
|
| 490 |
<pre caption="Checking the created kernel image name and initrd"> |
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<comment>Note, your kernel version might be different</comment> |
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# <i>ls /boot/kernel-genkernel-ppc-<keyval id="kernel-gentoo"/> /boot/initramfs-genkernel-ppc-<keyval id="kernel-gentoo"/></i> |
| 493 |
</pre> |
| 494 |
|
| 495 |
<p> |
| 496 |
Now continue with <uri link="?part=1&chap=8">Configuring your System</uri>. |
| 497 |
</p> |
| 498 |
|
| 499 |
</body> |
| 500 |
</section> |
| 501 |
</sections> |