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<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
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<!DOCTYPE sections SYSTEM "/dtd/book.dtd">
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<!-- The content of this document is licensed under the CC-BY-SA license -->
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<!-- See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0 -->
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<!-- $Header: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/draft/hb-install-sparc-disk.xml,v 1.11 2004/11/09 13:05:40 swift Exp $ -->
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<sections>
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<version>1.9</version>
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<date>October 21, 2004</date>
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<section>
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<title>Introduction to Block Devices</title>
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<subsection>
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<title>Block Devices</title>
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<body>
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<p>
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We'll take a good look at some of the disk-oriented aspects of Gentoo Linux
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and Linux in general, including Linux filesystems, partitions, and block
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devices. Then, once you're familiar with the ins and outs of disks and
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filesystems, you'll be guided through the process of setting up partitions
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and filesystems for your Gentoo Linux installation.
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</p>
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<p>
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To begin, we introduce <e>block devices</e>. The most typical block device is
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probably the one that represents the first SCSI hard disk in a Linux system,
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namely <path>/dev/sda</path>.
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</p>
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<p>
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Block devices represent an abstract interface to the disk. User programs can
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use these block devices to interact with your disk without worrying about
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whether your drives are IDE, SCSI, or something else. The program can simply
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address the storage on the disk as a bunch of contiguous, randomly-accessible
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512-byte blocks.
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</p>
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<p>
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Block devices show up as entries in <path>/dev/</path>. Typically, the first
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SCSI drive is named <path>/dev/sda</path>, the second <path>/dev/sdb</path>,
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and so on. IDE drives are named similarly, however, they are prefixed by hd-
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instead of sd-. If you are using IDE drives, the first one will be named
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<path>/dev/hda</path>, the second <path>/dev/hdb</path>, and so on.
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</p>
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</body>
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</subsection>
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<subsection>
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<title>Partitions</title>
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<body>
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<p>
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Although it is theoretically possible to use the entire disk to house your Linux
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system, this is almost never done in practice. Instead, full disk block devices
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are split up in smaller, more manageable block devices. These are known as
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<e>partitions</e> or <e>slices</e>.
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</p>
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<p>
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The first partition on the first SCSI disk is <path>/dev/sda1</path>, the second
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<path>/dev/sda2</path> and so on. Similarly, the first two partitions on the
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first IDE disk are <path>/dev/hda1</path> and <path>/dev/hda2</path>.
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</p>
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<p>
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The third partition on Sun systems is set aside as a special "whole disk"
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slice. This partition must not contain a file system.
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</p>
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<p>
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Users who are used to the DOS partitioning scheme should note that Sun
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disklabels do not have "primary" and "extended" partitions. Instead, up to
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eight partitions are available per drive, with the third of these being
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reserved.
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</p>
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</body>
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</subsection>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Designing a Partitioning Scheme</title>
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<subsection>
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<title>Default Partitioning Scheme</title>
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<body>
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<p>
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If you are not interested in drawing up a partitioning scheme,
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the table below suggests a suitable starting point for most systems. For
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IDE-based systems, substitute <c>hda</c> for <c>sda</c> in the following.
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</p>
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<p>
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Note that a separate <path>/boot</path> partition is generally <e>not</e>
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recommended on SPARC, as it complicates the bootloader configuration.
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</p>
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<table>
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<tr>
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<th>Partition</th>
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<th>Filesystem</th>
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<th>Size</th>
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<th>Mount Point</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>/dev/sda1</ti>
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<ti>ext3</ti>
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<ti><2 GByte</ti>
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<ti>/</ti>
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<ti>
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Root partition. For all sparc32 systems, and sparc64 systems with older
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OBP versions, this <e>must</e> be less than 2 GBytes in size, and the first
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partition on the disk.
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</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>/dev/sda2</ti>
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<ti>swap</ti>
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<ti>512 MBytes</ti>
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<ti>none</ti>
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<ti>
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Swap partition. For bootstrap and certain larger compiles, at least 512
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MBytes of RAM (including swap) is required.
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</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>/dev/sda3</ti>
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<ti>none</ti>
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<ti>Whole disk</ti>
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<ti>none</ti>
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<ti>Whole disk partition. This is required on SPARC systems.</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>/dev/sda4</ti>
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<ti>ext3</ti>
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<ti>at least 2 GBytes</ti>
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<ti>/usr</ti>
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<ti>
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/usr partition. Applications are installed here. By default this partition
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is also used for Portage data.
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</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>/dev/sda5</ti>
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<ti>ext3</ti>
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<ti>at least 1GByte</ti>
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<ti>/var</ti>
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<ti>
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/var partition. Used for program-generated data. By default Portage uses
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this partition for temporary space whilst compiling. Certain larger
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applications such as Mozilla and OpenOffice.org can require over 1 GByte
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of temporary space here when building.
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</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>/dev/sda6</ti>
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<ti>ext3</ti>
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<ti>remaining space</ti>
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<ti>/home</ti>
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<ti>/home partition. Used for users' home directories.</ti>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</body>
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</subsection>
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</section>
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<section id="fdisk">
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<title>Using fdisk to Partition your Disk</title>
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<subsection>
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<body>
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<p>
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The following parts explain how to create the example partition layout described
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previously, namely:
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</p>
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<table>
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<tr>
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<th>Partition</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>/dev/sda1</ti>
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<ti>/</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>/dev/sda2</ti>
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<ti>swap</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>/dev/sda3</ti>
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<ti>whole disk slice</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>/dev/sda4</ti>
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<ti>/usr</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>/dev/sda5</ti>
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<ti>/var</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<ti>/dev/sda6</ti>
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<ti>/home</ti>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p>
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Change the partition layout as required. Remember to keep the root partition
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entirely within the first 2 GBytes of the disk for older systems. There is also
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a 15-partition limit for SCSI and SATA.
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</p>
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</body>
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</subsection>
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<subsection>
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<title>Firing up fdisk</title>
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<body>
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<p>
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Start <c>fdisk</c> with your disk as argument:
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</p>
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<pre caption="Starting fdisk">
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# <i>fdisk /dev/sda</i>
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</pre>
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<p>
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You should be greeted with the fdisk prompt:
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</p>
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<pre caption="The fdisk prompt">
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Command (m for help):
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</pre>
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<p>
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To view the available partitions, type in <c>p</c>:
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</p>
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<pre caption="Listing available partitions">
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Command (m for help): <i>p</i>
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Disk /dev/sda (Sun disk label): 64 heads, 32 sectors, 8635 cylinders
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Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 bytes
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Device Flag Start End Blocks Id System
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/dev/sda1 0 488 499712 83 Linux native
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/dev/sda2 488 976 499712 82 Linux swap
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/dev/sda3 0 8635 8842240 5 Whole disk
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/dev/sda4 976 1953 1000448 83 Linux native
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/dev/sda5 1953 2144 195584 83 Linux native
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/dev/sda6 2144 8635 6646784 83 Linux native
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</pre>
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<p>
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Note the <c>Sun disk label</c> in the output. If this is missing, the disk is
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using the DOS-partitioning, not the Sun partitioning. In this case, use <c>s</c>
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to ensure that the disk has a sun partition table:
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</p>
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<pre caption="Creating a Sun Disklabel">
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Command (m for help): s
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Building a new sun disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,
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until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous
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content won't be recoverable.
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Drive type
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? auto configure
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0 custom (with hardware detected defaults)
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a Quantum ProDrive 80S
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b Quantum ProDrive 105S
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c CDC Wren IV 94171-344
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d IBM DPES-31080
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e IBM DORS-32160
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f IBM DNES-318350
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g SEAGATE ST34371
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h SUN0104
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i SUN0207
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j SUN0327
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k SUN0340
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l SUN0424
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m SUN0535
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n SUN0669
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o SUN1.0G
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p SUN1.05
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q SUN1.3G
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r SUN2.1G
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s IOMEGA Jaz
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Select type (? for auto, 0 for custom): <i>0</i>
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Heads (1-1024, default 64):
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Using default value 64
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Sectors/track (1-1024, default 32):
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Using default value 32
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Cylinders (1-65535, default 8635):
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Using default value 8635
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Alternate cylinders (0-65535, default 2):
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Using default value 2
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Physical cylinders (0-65535, default 8637):
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Using default value 8637
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Rotation speed (rpm) (1-100000, default 5400): <i>10000</i>
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Interleave factor (1-32, default 1):
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Using default value 1
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Extra sectors per cylinder (0-32, default 0):
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Using default value 0
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</pre>
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<p>
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You can find the correct values in your disk's documentation. The
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'auto configure' option does not usually work.
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</p>
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</body>
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</subsection>
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<subsection>
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<title>Deleting Existing Partitions</title>
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<body>
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<p>
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It's time to delete any existing partitions. To do this, type <c>d</c> and hit
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Enter. You will then be prompted for the partition number you would like to
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delete. To delete a pre-existing <path>/dev/sda1</path>, you would type:
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</p>
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<pre caption="Deleting a partition">
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Command (m for help): <i>d</i>
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Partition number (1-4): <i>1</i>
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</pre>
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<p>
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<e>You should not delete partition 3 (whole disk).</e> This is required. If
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this partition does not exist, follow the "Creating a Sun Disklabel"
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instructions above.
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</p>
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<p>
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After deleting all partitions except the Whole disk slice, you should have a
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partition layout similar to the following:
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</p>
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<pre caption="View an empty partition scheme">
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Command (m for help): <i>p</i>
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Disk /dev/sda (Sun disk label): 64 heads, 32 sectors, 8635 cylinders
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Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 bytes
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Device Flag Start End Blocks Id System
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/dev/sda3 0 8635 8842240 5 Whole disk
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</pre>
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</body>
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</subsection>
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<subsection>
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<title>Creating the Root Partition</title>
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<body>
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<p>
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We're ready to create the root partition. To do this, type <c>n</c> to create a
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new partition, then type <c>1</c> to create the partition. When prompted for the
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first cylinder, hit enter. When prompted for the last cylinder, type <c>+512M</c>
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to create a partition <c>512MBytes</c> in size. Make sure that the entire root
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partition must be contained entirely within the first 2GBytes of the disk.
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You can see output from these steps below:
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</p>
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<pre caption="Creating a root partition">
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Command (m for help): <i>n</i>
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Partition number (1-8): <i>1</i>
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First cylinder (0-8635): <i>(press Enter)</i>
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Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (0-8635, default 8635): <i>+512M</i>
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| 377 |
</pre>
|
| 378 |
|
| 379 |
<p>
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| 380 |
Now, when you type <c>p</c>, you should see the following partition printout:
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</p>
|
| 382 |
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| 383 |
<pre caption="Listing the partition layout">
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| 384 |
Command (m for help): <i>p</i>
|
| 385 |
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| 386 |
Disk /dev/sda (Sun disk label): 64 heads, 32 sectors, 8635 cylinders
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| 387 |
Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 bytes
|
| 388 |
|
| 389 |
Device Flag Start End Blocks Id System
|
| 390 |
/dev/sda1 0 488 499712 83 Linux native
|
| 391 |
/dev/sda3 0 8635 8842240 5 Whole disk
|
| 392 |
</pre>
|
| 393 |
|
| 394 |
</body>
|
| 395 |
</subsection>
|
| 396 |
<subsection>
|
| 397 |
<title>Creating a swap partition</title>
|
| 398 |
<body>
|
| 399 |
|
| 400 |
<p>
|
| 401 |
Next, let's create the swap partition. To do this, type <c>n</c> to create a new
|
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partition, then <c>2</c> to create the second partition, <path>/dev/sda2</path>
|
| 403 |
in our case. When prompted for the first cylinder, hit enter. When prompted for
|
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the last cylinder, type <c>+512M</c> to create a partition 512MB in size. After
|
| 405 |
you've done this, type <c>t</c> to set the partition type, and then type in
|
| 406 |
<c>82</c> to set the partition type to "Linux Swap". After completing these
|
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steps, typing <c>p</c> should display a partition table that looks similar to
|
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this:
|
| 409 |
</p>
|
| 410 |
|
| 411 |
<pre caption="Listing of available partitions">
|
| 412 |
Command (m for help): <i>p</i>
|
| 413 |
|
| 414 |
Disk /dev/sda (Sun disk label): 64 heads, 32 sectors, 8635 cylinders
|
| 415 |
Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 bytes
|
| 416 |
|
| 417 |
Device Flag Start End Blocks Id System
|
| 418 |
/dev/sda1 0 488 499712 83 Linux native
|
| 419 |
/dev/sda2 488 976 499712 82 Linux swap
|
| 420 |
/dev/sda3 0 8635 8842240 5 Whole disk
|
| 421 |
</pre>
|
| 422 |
|
| 423 |
</body>
|
| 424 |
</subsection>
|
| 425 |
<subsection>
|
| 426 |
<title>Creating the /usr, /var and /home partitions</title>
|
| 427 |
<body>
|
| 428 |
|
| 429 |
<p>
|
| 430 |
Finally, let's create the /usr, /var and /home partitions. As before,
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type <c>n</c> to create a new partition, then type <c>4</c> to create the
|
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third partition, <path>/dev/sda4</path> in our case. When prompted for the
|
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first cylinder, hit enter. When prompted for the last cylinder, enter
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<c>+2048M</c> to create a partition 2 GBytes in size. Repeat this process
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for <path>sda5</path> and <path>sda6</path>, using the desired sizes. Once
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you're done, you should see something like this:
|
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</p>
|
| 438 |
|
| 439 |
<pre caption="Listing complete partition table">
|
| 440 |
Command (m for help): <i>p</i>
|
| 441 |
|
| 442 |
Disk /dev/sda (Sun disk label): 64 heads, 32 sectors, 8635 cylinders
|
| 443 |
Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 bytes
|
| 444 |
|
| 445 |
Device Flag Start End Blocks Id System
|
| 446 |
/dev/sda1 0 488 499712 83 Linux native
|
| 447 |
/dev/sda2 488 976 499712 82 Linux swap
|
| 448 |
/dev/sda3 0 8635 8842240 5 Whole disk
|
| 449 |
/dev/sda4 976 1953 1000448 83 Linux native
|
| 450 |
/dev/sda5 1953 2144 195584 83 Linux native
|
| 451 |
/dev/sda6 2144 8635 6646784 83 Linux native
|
| 452 |
</pre>
|
| 453 |
|
| 454 |
</body>
|
| 455 |
</subsection>
|
| 456 |
<subsection>
|
| 457 |
<title>Save and Exit</title>
|
| 458 |
<body>
|
| 459 |
|
| 460 |
<p>
|
| 461 |
To save your partition layout and exit <c>fdisk</c>, type <c>w</c>:
|
| 462 |
</p>
|
| 463 |
|
| 464 |
<pre caption="Save and exit fdisk">
|
| 465 |
Command (m for help): <i>w</i>
|
| 466 |
</pre>
|
| 467 |
|
| 468 |
<p>
|
| 469 |
Now that your partitions are created, you can now continue with <uri
|
| 470 |
link="#filesystems">Creating Filesystems</uri>.
|
| 471 |
</p>
|
| 472 |
|
| 473 |
</body>
|
| 474 |
</subsection>
|
| 475 |
</section>
|
| 476 |
<section id="filesystems">
|
| 477 |
<title>Creating Filesystems</title>
|
| 478 |
<subsection>
|
| 479 |
<title>Introduction</title>
|
| 480 |
<body>
|
| 481 |
|
| 482 |
<p>
|
| 483 |
Now that your partitions are created, it is time to place a filesystem on them.
|
| 484 |
If you don't care about what filesystem to choose and are happy with what is
|
| 485 |
used as default in this handbook, continue with <uri
|
| 486 |
link="#filesystems-apply">Applying a Filesystem to a Partition</uri>.
|
| 487 |
Otherwise, read on to learn about the available filesystems...
|
| 488 |
</p>
|
| 489 |
|
| 490 |
</body>
|
| 491 |
</subsection>
|
| 492 |
<subsection>
|
| 493 |
<title>Filesystems?</title>
|
| 494 |
<body>
|
| 495 |
|
| 496 |
<p>
|
| 497 |
Several filesystems are available, some are known to be stable on the
|
| 498 |
SPARC architecture. Ext2 and ext3, for example, are known to work well.
|
| 499 |
Alternate filesystems may not function correctly.
|
| 500 |
</p>
|
| 501 |
|
| 502 |
<p>
|
| 503 |
<b>ext2</b> is the tried-and-true Linux filesystem. It does not support
|
| 504 |
journaling, which means that periodic checks of ext2 filesystems at startup
|
| 505 |
can be quite time-consuming. There is quite a selection of newer-generation
|
| 506 |
journaled filesystems that can be checked for consistency very quickly at
|
| 507 |
startup, and are therefore generally preferred over their non-journaled
|
| 508 |
counterparts. In general, journaled filesystems prevent long delays when a
|
| 509 |
system is booted and the filesystem is in an inconsistent state.
|
| 510 |
</p>
|
| 511 |
|
| 512 |
<p>
|
| 513 |
<b>ext3</b> is the journaled version of the ext2 filesystem. It provides
|
| 514 |
metadata journaling for fast recovery as well as other enhanced journaling
|
| 515 |
modes like full-data and ordered-data journaling. Ext3 has an additional hashed
|
| 516 |
b-tree indexing option that enables high performance in almost all situations.
|
| 517 |
Ext3 makes an excellent and reliable alternative to ext2.
|
| 518 |
</p>
|
| 519 |
|
| 520 |
<p>
|
| 521 |
<b>ReiserFS</b> works only partially on sparc64 systems and is therefore not
|
| 522 |
recommended for general use. <b>XFS</b> should be avoided, as it is known to
|
| 523 |
have many problems on SPARCs and could ruin your data. Another journaling
|
| 524 |
filesystem, <b>JFS</b>, is not supported. Regardless of your decision for
|
| 525 |
filesystems, the bootloader requires that the root partition be either ext2 or
|
| 526 |
ext3."
|
| 527 |
</p>
|
| 528 |
|
| 529 |
</body>
|
| 530 |
</subsection>
|
| 531 |
<subsection id="filesystems-apply">
|
| 532 |
<title>Applying a Filesystem to a Partition</title>
|
| 533 |
<body>
|
| 534 |
|
| 535 |
<p>
|
| 536 |
To create a filesystem on a partition or volume, tools specific to the chosen
|
| 537 |
filesystem are available:
|
| 538 |
</p>
|
| 539 |
|
| 540 |
<table>
|
| 541 |
<tr>
|
| 542 |
<th>Filesystem</th>
|
| 543 |
<th>Creation Command</th>
|
| 544 |
</tr>
|
| 545 |
<tr>
|
| 546 |
<ti>ext2</ti>
|
| 547 |
<ti><c>mke2fs</c></ti>
|
| 548 |
</tr>
|
| 549 |
<tr>
|
| 550 |
<ti>ext3</ti>
|
| 551 |
<ti><c>mke2fs -j</c></ti>
|
| 552 |
</tr>
|
| 553 |
<tr>
|
| 554 |
<ti>ext3 with hashed b-tree indexing (2.6 kernels only)</ti>
|
| 555 |
<ti><c>mke2fs -j -O dir_index</c></ti>
|
| 556 |
</tr>
|
| 557 |
<tr>
|
| 558 |
<ti>reiserfs</ti>
|
| 559 |
<ti><c>mkreiserfs</c></ti>
|
| 560 |
</tr>
|
| 561 |
</table>
|
| 562 |
|
| 563 |
<p>
|
| 564 |
For instance, to create the root partition (<path>/dev/sda1</path> in our
|
| 565 |
example) as ext2, and the <path>/usr</path>, <path>/var</path>, and
|
| 566 |
<path>/home</path> partitions (<path>/dev/sda4</path>, <path>5</path>
|
| 567 |
and <path>6</path> in our example, respectively) as ext3, you would use:
|
| 568 |
</p>
|
| 569 |
|
| 570 |
<pre caption="Applying a filesystem on a partition">
|
| 571 |
# <i>mke2fs /dev/sda1</i>
|
| 572 |
# <i>mke2fs -j /dev/sda4</i>
|
| 573 |
# <i>mke2fs -j /dev/sda5</i>
|
| 574 |
# <i>mke2fs -j /dev/sda6</i>
|
| 575 |
</pre>
|
| 576 |
|
| 577 |
</body>
|
| 578 |
</subsection>
|
| 579 |
<subsection>
|
| 580 |
<title>Activating the Swap Partition</title>
|
| 581 |
<body>
|
| 582 |
|
| 583 |
<p>
|
| 584 |
<c>mkswap</c> is the command used to initialize swap partitions:
|
| 585 |
</p>
|
| 586 |
|
| 587 |
<pre caption="Creating a Swap signature">
|
| 588 |
# <i>mkswap /dev/sda2</i>
|
| 589 |
</pre>
|
| 590 |
|
| 591 |
<p>
|
| 592 |
To activate the swap partition, use <c>swapon</c>:
|
| 593 |
</p>
|
| 594 |
|
| 595 |
<pre caption="Activating the swap partition">
|
| 596 |
# <i>swapon /dev/sda2</i>
|
| 597 |
</pre>
|
| 598 |
|
| 599 |
<p>
|
| 600 |
Create and activate the swap now.
|
| 601 |
</p>
|
| 602 |
|
| 603 |
</body>
|
| 604 |
</subsection>
|
| 605 |
</section>
|
| 606 |
<section>
|
| 607 |
<title>Mounting</title>
|
| 608 |
<body>
|
| 609 |
|
| 610 |
<p>
|
| 611 |
Now that your partitions are initialized and are housing a filesystem, it is
|
| 612 |
time to mount them using the <c>mount</c> command. Don't forget to first
|
| 613 |
create the necessary mount directories for every partition you created. For
|
| 614 |
example:
|
| 615 |
</p>
|
| 616 |
|
| 617 |
<pre caption="Mounting partitions">
|
| 618 |
# <i>mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/gentoo</i>
|
| 619 |
# <i>mkdir /mnt/gentoo/usr</i>
|
| 620 |
# <i>mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/gentoo/usr</i>
|
| 621 |
# <i>mkdir /mnt/gentoo/var</i>
|
| 622 |
# <i>mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/gentoo/var</i>
|
| 623 |
# <i>mkdir /mnt/gentoo/home</i>
|
| 624 |
# <i>mount /dev/sda6 /mnt/gentoo/home</i>
|
| 625 |
</pre>
|
| 626 |
|
| 627 |
<note>
|
| 628 |
If you want your <path>/tmp</path> to reside on a separate partition, be sure
|
| 629 |
to change its permissions after mounting: <c>chmod 1777 /mnt/gentoo/tmp</c>.
|
| 630 |
This also holds for <path>/var/tmp</path>.
|
| 631 |
</note>
|
| 632 |
|
| 633 |
<p>
|
| 634 |
We will also have to mount the proc filesystem (a virtual interface with the
|
| 635 |
kernel) on <path>/proc</path>. But first we will need to place our files on the partitions.
|
| 636 |
</p>
|
| 637 |
|
| 638 |
<p>
|
| 639 |
Continue with <uri link="?part=1&chap=5">Installing the Gentoo
|
| 640 |
Installation Files</uri>.
|
| 641 |
</p>
|
| 642 |
|
| 643 |
</body>
|
| 644 |
</section>
|
| 645 |
</sections>
|
| 646 |
|
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| 
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