Before you continue you need to check your date/time and update it. A misconfigured clock may lead to strange results in the future!

To verify the current date/time, run date:

# date
Fri Mar 29 16:21:18 UTC 2005

If the date/time displayed is wrong, update it using the date MMDDhhmmYYYY syntax (Month, Day, hour, minute and Year). At this stage, you should use UTC time. You will be able to define your timezone later on. For instance, to set the date to March 29th, 16:21 in the year 2005:

# date 032916212005

The next step you need to perform is to install the stage3 tarball onto your system. You have the option of downloading the required tarball from the Internet or, if you booted one of the Gentoo Universal CDs, copy it over from the disc itself. In most cases, the command uname -m can be used to help you decide which stage file to download.

Minimal CDs and LiveDVDs do not contain any stage3 archive.

• Default: Using a Stage from the Internet
• Alternative: Using a Stage from the Universal CD

Go to the Gentoo mountpoint at which you mounted your filesystems (most likely /mnt/gentoo):

# cd /mnt/gentoo

Depending on your installation medium, you have a couple of tools available to download a stage. If you have links available, then you can immediately surf to the Gentoo mirrorlist and choose a mirror close to you: type links http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/mirrors.xml and press enter.

If you don't have links available you should have lynx at your disposal. If you need to go through a proxy, export the http_proxy and ftp_proxy variables:

# export http_proxy="http://proxy.server.com:port"
# export ftp_proxy="http://proxy.server.com:port"

We will now assume that you have links at your disposal.

Select a mirror closeby. Usually HTTP mirrors suffice, but other protocols are available as well. Move to the directory. There you should see all available stage files for your architecture (they might be stored within subdirectories named after the individual subarchitectures). Select one and press D to download. When you're finished, press Q to quit the browser.

Most PC users should use the stage3 archive. All modern PCs are considered i686. If you use an old machine, you can check the list of i686-compatible processors on Wikipedia. Old processors such as the Pentium, K5, K6, or Via C3 and similar require the more generic x86 stage3. Processors older than i486 are not supported.

# links http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/mirrors.xml

(If you need proxy support with links:)
# links -http-proxy proxy.server.com:8080 http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/mirrors.xml

Make sure you download a stage3 tarball - installations using a stage1 or stage2 tarball are not supported anymore.

If you want to check the integrity of the downloaded stage tarball, use openssl and compare the output with the checksums provided on the mirror. The digests files provide several checksums, each taken with a different algorithm. The recommended ones are SHA512 and Whirlpool.

## Calculating the SHA512 checksum
# openssl dgst -r -sha512 
or
# sha512sum 

## Calculating the Whirlpool checksum
# openssl dgst -r -whirlpool 

Then compare the output of these commands with the value registered in the .DIGESTS files that can be found on the mirrors as well. The values need to match, otherwise the downloaded file might be corrupt (or the digests file is).

Now unpack your downloaded stage onto your system. We use tar to proceed as it is the easiest method:

# tar xvjpf stage3-*.tar.bz2

Make sure that you use the same options (xvjpf). The x stands for Extract, the v for Verbose to see what happens during the extraction process (optional), the j for Decompress with bzip2, the p for Preserve permissions and the f to denote that we want to extract a file, not standard input.

Now that the stage is installed, continue with Installing Portage.

The stages on the CD reside in the /mnt/cdrom/stages directory. To see a listing of available stages, use ls:

# ls /mnt/cdrom/stages

If the system replies with an error, you may need to mount the CD-ROM first:

# ls /mnt/cdrom/stages
ls: /mnt/cdrom/stages: No such file or directory
# mount /dev/cdroms/cdrom0 /mnt/cdrom
# ls /mnt/cdrom/stages

Now go into your Gentoo mountpoint (usually /mnt/gentoo):

# cd /mnt/gentoo

We will now extract the stage tarball of your choice. We will do this with tar. Make sure you use the same options (xvjpf). The v argument is optional and not supported in some tar versions. In the next example, we extract the stage tarball stage3-<subarch>-<release>.tar.bz2. Be sure to substitute the tarball filename with your stage.

# tar xvjpf /mnt/cdrom/stages/stage3-<subarch>-<release>.tar.bz2

Now that the stage is installed, continue with Installing Portage.

You now have to install a Portage snapshot, a collection of files that inform Portage what software titles you can install, which profiles are available, etc.

Go to the mountpoint where you mounted your filesystem (most likely /mnt/gentoo):

# cd /mnt/gentoo

Fire up links (or lynx) and go to our Gentoo mirror list. Pick a mirror close to you and open the snapshots/ directory. There, download the latest Portage snapshot (portage-latest.tar.bz2) by selecting it and pressing D.

# links http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/mirrors.xml

Now exit your browser by pressing Q. You will now have a Portage snapshot stored in /mnt/gentoo.

If you want to check the integrity of the downloaded snapshot, use md5sum and compare the output with the MD5 checksum provided on the mirror.

# md5sum -c portage-latest.tar.bz2.md5sum
portage-latest.tar.bz2: OK

In the next step, we extract the Portage snapshot onto your filesystem. Make sure that you use the exact command; the last option is a capital C, not c.

# tar xvjf /mnt/gentoo/portage-latest.tar.bz2 -C /mnt/gentoo/usr

To optimize Gentoo, you can set a couple of variables which impact Portage behaviour. All those variables can be set as environment variables (using export) but that isn't permanent. To keep your settings, Portage provides you with /etc/portage/make.conf, a configuration file for Portage. It is this file we will edit now.

Fire up your favorite editor (in this guide we use nano) so we can alter the optimization variables we will discuss hereafter.

# nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/portage/make.conf

As you probably noticed, the make.conf.example file is structured in a generic way: commented lines start with "#", other lines define variables using the VARIABLE="content" syntax. The make.conf file uses the same syntax. Several of those variables are discussed next.

The CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS variables define the optimization flags for the gcc C and C++ compiler respectively. Although we define those generally here, you will only have maximum performance if you optimize these flags for each program separately. The reason for this is because every program is different.

In make.conf you should define the optimization flags you think will make your system the most responsive generally. Don't place experimental settings in this variable; too much optimization can make programs behave bad (crash, or even worse, malfunction).

We will not explain all possible optimization options. If you want to know them all, read the GNU Online Manual(s) or the gcc info page (info gcc -- only works on a working Linux system). The make.conf.example file itself also contains lots of examples and information; don't forget to read it too.

A first setting is the -march= or -mcpu= flag, which specifies the name of the target architecture. Possible options are described in the make.conf.example file (as comments). A commonly used value is native as that tells the compiler to select the target architecture of the current system (the one you are installing on).

A first setting is the -march= or -mtune= flag, which specifies the name of the target architecture. Possible options are described in the make.conf.example file (as comments). A commonly used value is native as that tells the compiler to select the target architecture of the current system (the one you are installing on).

A second one is the -O flag (that is a capital O, not a zero), which specifies the gcc optimization class flag. Possible classes are s (for size-optimized), 0 (zero - for no optimizations), 1, 2 or even 3 for more speed-optimization flags (every class has the same flags as the one before, plus some extras). -O2 is the recommended default. -O3 is known to cause problems when used system-wide, so we recommend that you stick to -O2.

Another popular optimization flag is -pipe (use pipes rather than temporary files for communication between the various stages of compilation). It has no impact on the generated code, but uses more memory. On systems with low memory, gcc might get killed. In that case, do not use this flag.

Using -fomit-frame-pointer (which doesn't keep the frame pointer in a register for functions that don't need one) might have serious repercussions on the debugging of applications.

When you define the CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS, you should combine several optimization flags. The default values contained in the stage3 archive you unpacked should be good enough. The following example is just an example:

CFLAGS=""
# Use the same settings for both variables
CXXFLAGS="${CFLAGS}"

CFLAGS=""   # Intel EM64T users should use -march=core2
# Use the same settings for both variables
CXXFLAGS="${CFLAGS}"

CFLAGS="   # Be sure to change -march to match your CPU type
# Use the same settings for both variables
CXXFLAGS="${CFLAGS}"

With MAKEOPTS you define how many parallel compilations should occur when you install a package. A good choice is the number of CPUs (or CPU cores) in your system plus one, but this guideline isn't always perfect.

MAKEOPTS="-j2"

Update your /mnt/gentoo/etc/portage/make.conf to your own preference and save (nano users would hit Ctrl-X). You are now ready to continue with Installing the Gentoo Base System.