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<?xml version='1.0' encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!-- $Header: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/proj/en/vps/vserver-howto.xml,v 1.12 2009/03/03 15:44:59 hollow Exp $ -->
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<!DOCTYPE guide SYSTEM "/dtd/guide.dtd">
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<guide link="/proj/en/vps/vserver-howto.xml">
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<title>Gentoo Linux-VServer Howto</title>
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<author title="Author">
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<mail link="hollow@gentoo.org">Benedikt Boehm</mail>
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</author>
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<author title="Editor">
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<mail link="fox2mike@gentoo.org">Shyam Mani</mail>
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</author>
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<abstract>
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In this Howto you will learn to setup a basic virtual server using the
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Linux-VServer Technology
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</abstract>
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<!-- The content of this document is licensed under the CC-BY-SA license -->
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<!-- See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5 -->
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<license/>
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<version>1.11</version>
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<date>2008-03-03</date>
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<chapter>
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<title>Introduction</title>
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<section>
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<title>The Linux-VServer Concept</title>
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<body>
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<p>
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The basic concept of the Linux-VServer solution is to separate the user-space
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environment into distinct units (sometimes called Virtual Private Servers) in
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such a way that each VPS looks and feels like a real server to the processes
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contained within.
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</p>
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</body>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Terms used in this Howto</title>
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<body>
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<table>
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<tr>
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<th>Term</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>Linux-VServer, VServer</th>
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<ti>
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Linux-VServer is the official name of the project and used in this Howto
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the same way
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</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>virtual server, vserver, guest system</th>
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<ti>
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All these are interchangable and refer to one instance of a server (i.e.
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one virtual server)
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</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>host system, host</th>
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<ti>
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The physical machine running your Gentoo Linux will host all virtual
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servers
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</ti>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>util-vserver</th>
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<ti>
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The <c>util-vserver</c> package contains all programs necessary for
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maintaining your virtual servers
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</ti>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</body>
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</section>
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</chapter>
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<chapter>
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<title>Host configuration</title>
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<section>
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<title>Install a VServer kernel</title>
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<body>
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<pre caption="Install vserver-sources">
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# <i>emerge vserver-sources</i>
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</pre>
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<p>
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After the vserver-sources are installed it's time to configure them using
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<c>make menuconfig</c>.. Below is a common configuration for 2.1.1 and above. If
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you are using 2.0.x some configuration options may not be present.
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</p>
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<pre caption="Configure vserver-sources">
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# <i>cd /usr/src/linux-<KERNELVERSION>-vserver-<VSERVERVERSION></i>
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# <i>make menuconfig</i>
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Linux VServer --->
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<comment>(Do not enable the legacy options)</comment>
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[ ] Enable Legacy Kernel API
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[ ] Enable Legacy Networking Kernel API
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<comment>(Read help text)</comment>
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[ ] Remap Source IP Address
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[*] Enable COW Immutable Link Breaking
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[ ] Enable Virtualized Guest Time
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[*] Enable Proc Security
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[*] Enable Hard CPU Limits
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[*] Avoid idle CPUs by skipping Time
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[*] Limit the IDLE task
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Persistent Inode Tagging (UID24/GID24) --->
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[ ] Tag NFSD User Auth and Files
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[*] Enable Inode Tag Propagation
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[*] Honor Privacy Aspects of Guests
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[ ] VServer Debugging Code
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</pre>
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<note>
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If you are using reiserfs as filesystem on the partition where guest images are
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stored, you will need to enable extended attributes for reiserfs in your
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kernel config and additionally add the <c>attrs</c> option in
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<path>/etc/fstab</path>.
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</note>
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<pre caption="Configure reiserfs options">
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File systems --->
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<*> Reiserfs support
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[*] ReiserFS extended attributes
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</pre>
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<pre caption="Example fstab with extended attributes">
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/dev/hdb1 /vservers reiserfs noatime,attrs 0 0
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</pre>
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<p>
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After you've built and installed the kernel, update your boot loader and
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finally reboot to see if the kernel boots correctly.
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</p>
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<pre caption="Install the kernel">
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<comment>(Building the kernel)</comment>
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# <i>make</i>
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<comment>(Installing)</comment>
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# <i>make modules_install</i>
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# <i>cp arch/<arch>/boot/bzImage /boot/kernel-<KERNELVERSION>-vserver-<VSERVERVERSION></i>
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<comment>(Edit bootloader config file as required and)</comment>
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# <i>reboot</i>
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</pre>
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</body>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Setup host environment</title>
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<body>
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<p>
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To maintain your virtual servers you need the util-vserver package which
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contains all necessary programs and many useful features.
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</p>
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<pre caption="Install util-vserver">
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# <i>emerge >=sys-cluster/util-vserver-0.30.212</i>
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</pre>
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<p>
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You have to run the <c>vprocunhide</c> command after every reboot in order to
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setup <path>/proc</path> permissions correctly for vserver guests. Two init
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scripts have been installed by util-vserver which run the <c>vprocunhide</c>
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command for you and take care of virtual servers during shutdown of the host.
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</p>
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<pre caption="util-vserver init scripts">
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# <i>rc-update add vprocunhide default</i>
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# <i>/etc/init.d/vprocunhide start</i>
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# <i>rc-update add util-vserver default</i>
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# <i>/etc/init.d/util-vserver start</i>
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</pre>
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</body>
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</section>
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</chapter>
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<chapter>
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<title>Guest creation</title>
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<section>
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<title>Download a precompiled stage3</title>
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<body>
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<p>
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Since many hardware related commands are not available inside a virtual server,
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there has been a patched version of baselayout known as baselayout-vserver.
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However, since baselayout-2/openrc, all required changes have been integrated,
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eliminating the need for seperate vserver stages, profiles and baselayout. The
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only (temporary) drawback is that baselayout-2/openrc is still in testing
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(~arch) and there are no stages with baselayout-2/openrc available on the
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mirrors yet.
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</p>
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<p>
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As soon as baselayout-2/openrc is stable you can use a precompiled stage3 from
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one of <uri link="/main/en/mirrors.xml">our mirrors</uri>. In the meantime
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please download a stage3/4 or gentoo-vserver stage from
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<uri link="http://bb.xnull.de/projects/gentoo/">here</uri>. Since a
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stage3 contains a complete root filesystem you can use the template build
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method of util-vserver. However, this method only works reliable since
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util-vserver-0.30.213_rc5, so make sure you have the right version installed.
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</p>
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<p>
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You have to choose a context ID for your vserver (dynamic context IDs are
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discouraged) as well as the necessary network device information (In this
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example eth0 is configured with 192.168.1.253/24 and the context ID is
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equivalent to the last two parts of the virtual servers IP).
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</p>
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<note>
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The context ID should be 1 < ID < 49152.
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</note>
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</body>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Using the template build method</title>
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<body>
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<p>
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For a long time now, plain init style was the only init style available for
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gentoo, i.e. a normal init process will be started inside the guest, just like
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on any common Unix system. However this approach has some drawbacks:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>No possibility to see output of init/rc scripts</li>
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<li>Wasted resources for idle init processes in each guest</li>
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<li>Annoying conflicts for <path>/etc/inittab</path></li>
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</ul>
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<p>
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Therefore, many users have requested to reimplement the gentoo init style,
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which has been abandonned since it was a very hacky implementation and more
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or less worked by accident due to other modifications done to baselayout back
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then. However, as of util-vserver-0.30.212 the gentoo init style has been
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reimplemented in a concise manner and will become the default in the future.
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</p>
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<note>
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If there is not a good reason for using an extra init process for each guest
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or if you don't know what to do here, you should stick with gentoo init style.
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</note>
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<pre caption="Start stage3 installation">
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# <i>vserver myguest build \</i>
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<i>--context 1253 \</i>
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<i>--hostname gentoo \</i>
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<i>--interface eth0:192.168.1.253/24 \</i>
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<i>--initstyle gentoo \</i> <comment>(replace if needed)</comment>
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<i>-m template -- \</i>
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<i> -d gentoo \</i>
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<i> -t /path/to/stage3-<arch>-<version>.tar.bz2</i>
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</pre>
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<note>
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To reflect your network settings you should change
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<path>/etc/conf.d/hostname</path>, <path>/etc/conf.d/domainname</path> and
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<path>/etc/hosts</path> inside the guest to your needs. See <uri
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link="/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml?part=1&chap=8#doc_chap2_sect1">chapter
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8.b.1</uri> and <uri
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link="/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml?part=1&chap=8#doc_chap2_sect4">chapter
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8.b.4</uri>. The rest of your virtual servers network setup will be
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done on the host.
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</note>
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<p>
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You should now be able to start and enter the vserver by using the commands
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below.
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</p>
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<pre caption="Test the virtual server">
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# <i>vserver myguest start</i>
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OpenRC 0.4.3 is starting up Gentoo Linux (x86_64) [VSERVER]
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Press I to enter interactive boot mode
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* /proc is already mounted, skipping
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* Setting hostname to myguest... [ ok ]
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* Creating user login records... [ ok ]
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* Cleaning /var/run... [ ok ]
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* Wiping /tmp directory... [ ok ]
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* Updating /etc/mtab... [ ok ]
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* Initializing random number generator... [ ok ]
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* Starting syslog-ng... [ ok ]
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* Starting fcron... [ ok ]
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* Starting Name Service Cache Daemon... [ ok ]
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* Starting local... [ ok ]
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# <i>vserver-stat</i>
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CTX PROC VSZ RSS userTIME sysTIME UPTIME NAME
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0 90 1.4G 153.4K 14m00s11 6m45s17 2h59m59 root server
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1252 2 3M 286 0m00s45 0m00s42 0m02s91 myguest
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# <i>vserver myguest enter</i>
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# <i>ps ax</i>
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PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
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1 ? Ss 0:04 init [3]
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27637 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/sbin/syslog-ng
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27656 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/sbin/fcron -c /etc/fcron/fcron.conf
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27676 ? Ssl 0:00 /usr/sbin/nscd
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27713 ? S+ 0:00 login
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27737 pts/15 Ss 0:00 /bin/bash
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27832 pts/15 R+ 0:00 ps ax
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# <i>logout</i>
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</pre>
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</body>
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</section>
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</chapter>
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<chapter>
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<title>Maintenance made easy</title>
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<section>
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<title>Start guests on boot</title>
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<body>
|
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<p>
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You can start certain guests during boot. Each guest can be assigned a MARK.
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Now everything you have to do is configure these MARKs in the guests
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configuration and add the approriate init scripts to the default runlevel.
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</p>
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<pre caption="Configure MARKs for each guest">
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<comment>(Do this for every guest you want to start)</comment>
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# <i>mkdir -p /etc/vservers/myguest/apps/init</i>
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# <i>echo "default" > /etc/vservers/myguest/apps/init/mark</i>
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</pre>
|
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<pre caption="Add init script to the default runlevel">
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# <i>rc-update add vservers.default default</i>
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</pre>
|
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|
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</body>
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| 346 |
</section>
|
| 347 |
<section>
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| 348 |
<title>Keep portage in sync</title>
|
| 349 |
<body>
|
| 350 |
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<p>
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| 352 |
The script <c>vesync</c> will help you to keep the metadata cache and overlays
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in sync. <c>vemerge</c> is a simple wrapper for <c>emerge</c> in guests.
|
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</p>
|
| 355 |
|
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<pre caption="Examples">
|
| 357 |
<comment>(Sync metadata for 'myguest')</comment>
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| 358 |
# <i>vesync myguest</i>
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| 359 |
<comment>(Sync metadata for all guests)</comment>
|
| 360 |
# <i>vesync --all</i>
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| 361 |
<comment>(Sync 'myoverlay' for all guests)</comment>
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| 362 |
# <i>vesync --all \</i>
|
| 363 |
<i>--overlay /usr/local/overlays/myoverlay \</i>
|
| 364 |
<i>--overlay-host rsync://rsync.myhost.com/myoverlay \</i>
|
| 365 |
<i>--overlay-only</i>
|
| 366 |
<comment>(emerge app-editors/vim in 'myguest')</comment>
|
| 367 |
# <i>vemerge myguest -- app-editors/vim -va</i>
|
| 368 |
</pre>
|
| 369 |
|
| 370 |
</body>
|
| 371 |
</section>
|
| 372 |
<section>
|
| 373 |
<title>Update guests</title>
|
| 374 |
<body>
|
| 375 |
|
| 376 |
<p>
|
| 377 |
Gentoo guests can share packages to save compilation time. In order to use
|
| 378 |
shared packages, you have to create a central directory for packages on the
|
| 379 |
host. We will use <path>/var/cache/vpackages</path> on the host and mount it
|
| 380 |
to <path>/usr/portage/packages</path> in every guest.
|
| 381 |
</p>
|
| 382 |
|
| 383 |
<pre caption="Add bind mount to guest configuration">
|
| 384 |
# <i>mkdir -p /var/cache/vpackages</i>
|
| 385 |
# <i>$EDITOR /etc/vservers/myguest/fstab</i>
|
| 386 |
<comment>(Add this line at the end)</comment>
|
| 387 |
/var/cache/vpackages /usr/portage/packages none bind,rw 0 0
|
| 388 |
</pre>
|
| 389 |
|
| 390 |
<p>
|
| 391 |
Now you can use <c>vupdateworld</c> to update every guest. The command is
|
| 392 |
equivalent to something like <c>emerge --deep --update --newuse world</c>
|
| 393 |
depending on command line options.
|
| 394 |
</p>
|
| 395 |
|
| 396 |
<pre caption="vupdateworld examples">
|
| 397 |
<comment>(Pretend update for 'myguest')</comment>
|
| 398 |
# <i>vupdateworld myguest -- -vp</i>
|
| 399 |
<comment>(Update 'myguest' using binary packages)</comment>
|
| 400 |
# <i>vupdateworld myguest -- -k</i>
|
| 401 |
<comment>(Update all guests using binary packages)</comment>
|
| 402 |
# <i>vupdateworld --all -- -k</i>
|
| 403 |
</pre>
|
| 404 |
|
| 405 |
<note>
|
| 406 |
In order to get binary packages you can either use PORTAGE_BINHOST (see <c>man
|
| 407 |
make.conf</c>) or set FEATURES="buildpkg" in one or more guests.
|
| 408 |
</note>
|
| 409 |
|
| 410 |
<p>
|
| 411 |
After a successful update you can easily update all configuration files with
|
| 412 |
<c>vdispatch-conf</c>. It is a simple wrapper for <c>dispatch-conf</c> and
|
| 413 |
behaves exactly the same.
|
| 414 |
</p>
|
| 415 |
|
| 416 |
<pre caption="vdispatch-conf examples">
|
| 417 |
<comment>(Update configuration files for 'myguest')</comment>
|
| 418 |
# <i>vdispatch-conf myguest</i>
|
| 419 |
<comment>(Update configuration files for all guests)</comment>
|
| 420 |
# <i>vdispatch-conf --all</i>
|
| 421 |
</pre>
|
| 422 |
|
| 423 |
</body>
|
| 424 |
</section>
|
| 425 |
|
| 426 |
<section>
|
| 427 |
<title>Contact</title>
|
| 428 |
<body>
|
| 429 |
|
| 430 |
<p>
|
| 431 |
Please feel free to contact the <mail link="hollow@gentoo.org">author</mail> or
|
| 432 |
file a bug on <uri link="http://bugs.gentoo.org">Bugzilla</uri> in case of any
|
| 433 |
problems.
|
| 434 |
</p>
|
| 435 |
|
| 436 |
</body>
|
| 437 |
</section>
|
| 438 |
</chapter>
|
| 439 |
</guide>
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