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3 | <guide> |
3 | <!DOCTYPE guide SYSTEM "/dtd/guide.dtd"> |
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4 | |
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5 | <guide link="/doc/en/guide-localization.xml"> |
4 | <title>Gentoo Linux Localization Instructions</title> |
6 | <title>Gentoo Linux Localization Guide</title> |
5 | <author><mail link="holler@ahsoftware.de"> |
7 | <author title="Author"> |
6 | Alexander Holler</mail> |
8 | Alexander Holler |
7 | </author> |
9 | </author> |
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10 | <author title="Translator/Editor"> |
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11 | <mail link="slucy@uchicago.edu">Steven Lucy</mail> |
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12 | </author> |
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13 | <author title="Editor"> |
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14 | <mail link="bennyc@gentoo.org">Benny Chuang</mail> |
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15 | </author> |
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16 | <author title="Editor"> |
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17 | <mail link="pylon@gentoo.org">Lars Weiler</mail> |
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18 | </author> |
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19 | <author title="Editor"> |
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20 | <mail link="dertobi123@gentoo.org">Tobias Scherbaum</mail> |
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21 | </author> |
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22 | <author title="Editor"> |
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23 | <mail link="flammie@gentoo.org">Flammie Pirinen</mail> |
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24 | </author> |
8 | |
25 | |
9 | <abstract>This instructions explains the few steps you need to follow to use Gentoo Linux |
26 | <abstract> |
10 | with another language than english. It also explains what to do to get the Euro character shown.</abstract> |
27 | This guide should help users localize their Gentoo Linux distribution to any |
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28 | European locale. It uses Germany as a case-study, since it is translated from |
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29 | the German doc. Includes configuration for use of the euro currency symbol. |
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30 | </abstract> |
11 | |
31 | |
12 | <chapter> |
32 | <version>1.24</version> |
13 | <title>Preface</title> |
33 | <date>2005-11-25</date> |
14 | <section> |
34 | |
15 | <body> |
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16 | <p>As I'm a German I explain how to enable the german language. If you want |
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17 | another language, you just have to replace the german language code <i>de</i> with |
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18 | the corresponding code for your country, e.g. <i>fr</i> for France or <i>es</i> for Spain. |
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19 | </p> |
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20 | </body> |
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21 | </section> |
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22 | </chapter> |
35 | <chapter> |
23 | |
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24 | <chapter> |
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25 | <title>Timezone</title> |
36 | <title>Time zone</title> |
26 | <section> |
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27 | <body> |
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28 | <p>To enable the right timezone <path>/etc/localtime</path> should point to the |
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29 | appropriate file with the datas for your timezone. You will find those files |
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30 | in <path>/usr/share/zoneinfo/</path>. |
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31 | <pre> |
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32 | # <i>ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Berlin /etc/localtime</i> |
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33 | </pre> |
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34 | </p> |
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35 | </body> |
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36 | </section> |
37 | <section> |
37 | </chapter> |
38 | <body> |
38 | |
39 | |
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40 | <p> |
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41 | In order to keep time properly, <path>/etc/localtime</path> must contain the |
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42 | correct time zone data file. Look around in <path>/usr/share/zoneinfo/</path> |
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43 | and pick your timezone or a near-by big city. Please avoid the |
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44 | <path>/usr/share/zoneinfo/Etc/GMT*</path> timezones as their names do not |
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45 | indicate the expected zones. For instance, <path>GMT-8</path> is in fact GMT+8. |
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46 | </p> |
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47 | |
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48 | <pre caption="setting the timezone"> |
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49 | # <i>cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Berlin /etc/localtime</i> |
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50 | # <i>date</i> |
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51 | Sun Feb 16 08:26:44 CET 2003 |
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52 | </pre> |
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53 | |
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54 | <note> |
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55 | Make sure that the three-letter timezone indicator (in this case "CET") |
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56 | is correct for your area. |
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57 | </note> |
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58 | |
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59 | <note> |
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60 | You can set the value of <c>TZ</c> to be everything after the |
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61 | <path>/usr/share/zoneinfo</path> in your shell rc file |
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62 | (<path>.bash_profile</path> for bash) for a user-level setting. In this case |
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63 | <c>TZ="Europe/Berlin"</c>. |
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64 | </note> |
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65 | |
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66 | </body> |
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67 | </section> |
39 | <chapter> |
68 | </chapter> |
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69 | |
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70 | <chapter> |
40 | <title>Hardware clock</title> |
71 | <title>Hardware Clock</title> |
41 | <section> |
72 | <section> |
42 | <body> |
73 | <body> |
43 | <p>If your hardware clock is set to local time and not to GMT you have to correct |
74 | |
44 | the variable <i>CLOCK</i> in <path>/etc/rc.conf</path>. |
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45 | <pre> |
75 | <p> |
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76 | In most Gentoo Linux installations, your hardware clock is set to |
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77 | UTC (or GMT, Greenwich Mean Time) and then your timezone is |
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78 | taken into account to determine the actual, local time. If, |
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79 | for some reason, you need your hardware clock not to be in UTC, |
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80 | you will need to edit <path>/etc/conf.d/clock</path> and change the |
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81 | value of <c>CLOCK</c> from <c>UTC</c> to <c>local</c>. |
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82 | </p> |
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83 | |
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84 | <pre caption="local vs. GMT clock"> |
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85 | <comment>(recommended:)</comment> |
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86 | CLOCK="UTC" |
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87 | <comment>(or:)</comment> |
46 | CLOCK="local" |
88 | CLOCK="local" |
47 | </pre> |
89 | </pre> |
48 | </p> |
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49 | </body> |
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50 | </section> |
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51 | </chapter> |
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52 | |
90 | |
53 | <chapter> |
91 | </body> |
54 | <title>Language</title> |
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55 | <section> |
92 | </section> |
56 | <body> |
93 | </chapter> |
57 | <p>Telling programms what language you prefer will be done with the environment variable |
94 | |
58 | <i>LANG</i>. If you want to set the language system-wide for all users you should export |
95 | <chapter> |
59 | <i>LANG</i> in <path>/etc/profile</path>. If not, this can be done in through your private |
96 | <title>Locale system</title> |
60 | <path>.bashrc</path> in your home directory. You can find available languages in |
97 | <section> |
61 | <path>/usr/share/i18n/locales</path>. |
98 | <title>What are locales?</title> |
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99 | <body> |
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100 | |
62 | <pre> |
101 | <p> |
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102 | A Locale is a set of information that most programs use for determining |
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103 | country and language specific settings. The locales and their data |
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104 | are part of the system library and can be found |
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105 | at <path>/usr/share/locale</path> on most systems. A locale name is generally |
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106 | named <c>ab_CD</c> where <c>ab</c> is your two (or three) letter |
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107 | language code (as specified in ISO-639) and <c>CD</c> is your two letter country |
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108 | code (as specified in ISO-3199). |
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109 | </p> |
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110 | |
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111 | </body> |
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112 | </section> |
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113 | <section id="variables"> |
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114 | <title>Environment variables for locales</title> |
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115 | <body> |
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116 | |
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117 | <p> |
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118 | Locale settings are stored in environment variables. These are typically |
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119 | set in the <path>/etc/env.d/02locale</path> (for system-wide |
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120 | settings) and <path>~/.bashrc</path> (for user-specific settings) file. |
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121 | The variables controlling different aspects of locale settings |
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122 | are given in the table below, those with highest precedence (ie. those |
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123 | that override settings below them) are at the top of the table. All variables |
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124 | take one name of a locale in <c>ab_CD</c> format given above. |
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125 | </p> |
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126 | |
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127 | <table> |
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128 | <tr> |
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129 | <th>Variable name</th> |
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130 | <th>Explanation</th> |
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131 | </tr> |
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132 | <tr> |
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133 | <ti>LC_ALL</ti> |
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134 | <ti> |
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135 | Define all locale settings at once. This is the top level setting for |
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136 | locales which will override any other setting. |
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137 | </ti> |
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138 | </tr> |
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139 | <tr> |
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140 | <ti>LC_COLLATE</ti> |
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141 | <ti> |
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142 | Define alphabetical ordering of strings. This affects eg. output of sorted |
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143 | directory listing. |
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144 | </ti> |
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145 | </tr> |
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146 | <tr> |
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147 | <ti>LC_CTYPE</ti> |
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148 | <ti> |
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149 | Define the character handling properties for the system. This determines |
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150 | which characters are seen as part of alphabet, numeric and so on. This also |
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151 | determines the character set used, if applicable. |
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152 | </ti> |
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153 | </tr> |
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154 | <tr> |
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155 | <ti>LC_MESSAGES</ti> |
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156 | <ti> |
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157 | Programs' localizations for applications that use message based localization |
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158 | scheme (majority of Gnu programs, see next chapters for closer information |
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159 | which do, and how to get the programs, that don't, to work). |
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160 | </ti> |
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161 | </tr> |
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162 | <tr> |
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163 | <ti>LC_MONETARY</ti> |
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164 | <ti>Defines currency units and formatting of currency type numeric values.</ti> |
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165 | </tr> |
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166 | <tr> |
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167 | <ti>LC_NUMERIC</ti> |
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168 | <ti> |
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169 | Defines formatting of numeric values which aren't monetary. Affects things |
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170 | such as thousand separator and decimal separator. |
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171 | </ti> |
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172 | </tr> |
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173 | <tr> |
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174 | <ti>LC_TIME</ti> |
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175 | <ti>Defines formatting of dates and times.</ti> |
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176 | </tr> |
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177 | <tr> |
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178 | <ti>LC_PAPER</ti> |
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179 | <ti>Defines default paper size.</ti> |
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180 | </tr> |
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181 | <tr> |
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182 | <ti>LANG</ti> |
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183 | <ti> |
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184 | Defines all locale settings at once. This setting can be overridden by |
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185 | individual LC_* settings above or even by LC_ALL. |
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186 | </ti> |
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187 | </tr> |
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188 | </table> |
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189 | |
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190 | <note> |
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191 | Even though most programs work with LC_ALL only, some of them misbehave if |
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192 | LC_ALL is set but LANG isn't. If you want to play safe, set them <e>both</e>. |
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193 | </note> |
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194 | |
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195 | <p> |
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196 | Most typically users only set the LANG variable and perhaps LC_CTYPE variable |
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197 | on user level by adding definitions to shells startup files defining |
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198 | the environment variable manually from command line: |
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199 | </p> |
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200 | |
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201 | <pre caption="setting the German locale"> |
63 | export LANG="de_DE@euro" |
202 | export LANG="de_DE@euro" |
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203 | </pre> |
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204 | |
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205 | <note> |
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206 | Append <c>@euro</c> to your locale if you want to use the Euro |
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207 | currency symbol (€) |
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208 | </note> |
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209 | |
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210 | <p> |
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211 | For message based localization to work in programs that support it, you will |
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212 | probably need to have programs compiled with the <c>nls</c> (Native language |
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213 | support) USE flag set. Most of the programs using nls also need the gettext |
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214 | library to extract and use localized messages. Of course, Gentoo's Portage will |
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215 | automatically install it when needed. |
64 | </pre> |
216 | </p> |
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217 | |
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218 | <p> |
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219 | There is also additional localisation variable called LINGUAS, which affects |
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220 | to localisation files that get installed in gettext-based programs, and decides |
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221 | used localisation for some specific software packages, such as |
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222 | <c>kde-base/kde-i18n</c> and <c>app-office/openoffice</c>. The variable |
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223 | takes in <e>space</e>-separated list of language codes, and suggested |
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224 | place to set it is <path>/etc/make.conf</path>: |
65 | </p> |
225 | </p> |
66 | </body> |
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67 | </section> |
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68 | </chapter> |
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69 | |
226 | |
70 | <chapter> |
227 | <pre caption="setting LINGUAS in make.conf"> |
71 | <title>Keyboard-layout (terminal)</title> |
228 | # <i>nano -w /etc/make.conf</i> |
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229 | <comment>(Add in the LINGUAS variable. For instance, |
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230 | for German, Finnish and English:)</comment> |
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231 | LINGUAS="de fi en" |
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232 | </pre> |
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233 | |
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234 | |
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235 | </body> |
72 | <section> |
236 | </section> |
73 | <body> |
237 | <section> |
74 | <p>The keyboard-layout for terminal sessions is set through <i>KEYMAP</i> in |
238 | <title>Generating Specific Locales</title> |
75 | <path>/etc/rc.conf</path>. You will find the appropriate tables in |
239 | <body> |
76 | <path>/usr/share/keymaps</path>. If you aren't using composed characters with |
240 | |
77 | tildes (e.g. õ), accent graph (e.g. è) or similar, you could use the |
241 | <p> |
78 | nodeadkeys-variants. This will save you to enter a space after typing letters |
242 | If you use a locale that isn't available by default, you should use |
79 | like ~. |
243 | <c>localedef</c> to generate your locale. For instance: |
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244 | </p> |
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245 | |
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246 | <pre caption="Generating a locale using localedef"> |
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247 | # <i>localedef -c -i en_US -f ISO-8859-15 en_US.ISO-8859-15</i> |
80 | <pre> |
248 | </pre> |
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249 | |
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250 | <p> |
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251 | After having generated the locale, you can export the LANG variable as you see |
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252 | fit. |
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253 | </p> |
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254 | |
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255 | <pre caption="Exporting the LANG variable"> |
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256 | # <i>export LANG="en_US.ISO-8859-15"</i> |
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257 | </pre> |
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258 | |
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259 | </body> |
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260 | </section> |
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261 | <section> |
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262 | <title>The userlocales USE flag</title> |
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263 | <body> |
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264 | |
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265 | <p> |
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266 | You will probably only use one or maybe two locales on your system. Up until now |
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267 | after compiling <c>glibc</c> a full set of all available locales has been |
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268 | created. As of now you can activate the <c>userlocales</c> USE flag and specify |
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269 | only the locales you will need in <path>/etc/locales.build</path>. |
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270 | </p> |
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271 | |
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272 | <pre caption="Activate the userlocales USE flag especially for glibc"> |
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273 | echo "sys-libs/glibc userlocales" >> /etc/portage/package.use |
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274 | </pre> |
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275 | |
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276 | <p> |
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277 | Now specify the locales you want to be able to use: |
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278 | </p> |
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279 | |
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280 | <pre caption="Adding locales to /etc/locales.build"> |
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281 | en_US/ISO-8859-1 |
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282 | en_US.UTF-8/UTF-8 |
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283 | de_DE/ISO-8859-1 |
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284 | de_DE@euro/ISO-8859-15 |
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285 | </pre> |
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286 | |
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287 | <p> |
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288 | The next step is to re-compile <c>glibc</c>. Of course you can defer this until |
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289 | the next <c>glibc</c> upgrade is available. |
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290 | </p> |
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291 | |
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292 | </body> |
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293 | </section> |
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294 | </chapter> |
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295 | |
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296 | <chapter> |
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297 | <title>Keyboard layout for the console</title> |
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298 | <section> |
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299 | <body> |
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300 | |
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301 | <p> |
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302 | The keyboard layout used by the console is set in |
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303 | <path>/etc/conf.d/keymaps</path> by the <c>KEYMAP</c> variable. |
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304 | Valid values can be found in |
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305 | <path>/usr/share/keymaps/<c>{arch}</c>/</path>. |
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306 | <path>i386</path> has further subdivisions into layout |
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307 | (<path>qwerty/</path>, <path>azerty/</path>, etc.). Some |
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308 | languages have multiple options, so you may wish to experiment |
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309 | to decide which one fits your needs best. |
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310 | </p> |
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311 | |
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312 | <pre caption="setting the console keymap"> |
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313 | KEYMAP="de" |
81 | KEYMAP="de-latin1" |
314 | KEYMAP="de-latin1" |
82 | # KEYMAP="de-latin1-nodeadkeys" |
315 | KEYMAP="de-latin1-nodeadkeys" |
83 | </pre> |
316 | </pre> |
84 | </p> |
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85 | </body> |
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86 | </section> |
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87 | </chapter> |
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88 | |
317 | |
89 | <chapter> |
318 | </body> |
90 | <title>Keyboard-layout (X server)</title> |
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91 | <section> |
319 | </section> |
92 | <body> |
320 | </chapter> |
93 | <p>The keyboard-layout for the X server is set with the option |
321 | |
94 | <i>XkbLayout</i> in the file <path>/etc/X11/XF86Config</path>. |
322 | <chapter> |
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323 | <title>Keyboard layout for the X server</title> |
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324 | <section> |
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325 | <body> |
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326 | |
95 | <pre> |
327 | <p> |
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328 | The keyboard layout to be used by the X server is specified |
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329 | in <path>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</path> by the <c>XkbLayout</c> |
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330 | option. |
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331 | </p> |
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332 | |
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333 | <pre caption="setting the X keymap"> |
96 | Section "InputDevice" |
334 | Section "InputDevice" |
97 | Identifier "Keyboard1" |
335 | Identifier "Keyboard1" |
98 | ... |
336 | ... |
99 | Option "XkbLayout" "de" |
337 | Option "XkbLayout" "de" |
100 | # Option XkbVariant" "nodeadkeys" |
338 | # Option "XkbVariant" "nodeadkeys" |
101 | ... |
339 | ... |
102 | </pre> |
340 | </pre> |
103 | </p> |
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104 | </body> |
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105 | </section> |
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106 | </chapter> |
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107 | |
341 | |
108 | <chapter> |
342 | </body> |
109 | <title>Euro character (terminal)</title> |
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110 | <section> |
343 | </section> |
111 | <body> |
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112 | <p>If you want to see the Euro character in a session without using X, you have |
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113 | to use a console font which contains it. The console font is set with |
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114 | <i>CONSOLEFONT</i> in <path>/etc/rc.conf</path>. Available fonts will be find in |
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115 | <path>/usr/share/consolefonts</path>. |
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116 | <pre> |
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117 | CONSOLEFONT="lat0-16" |
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118 | </pre> |
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119 | </p> |
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120 | </body> |
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121 | </section> |
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122 | </chapter> |
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123 | |
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124 | <chapter> |
344 | </chapter> |
125 | <title>Euro character (X server)</title> |
345 | |
126 | <section> |
346 | <chapter> |
127 | <title>General</title> |
347 | <title>KDE</title> |
128 | <body> |
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129 | <p>Using the above settings and KDE you should already get the Euro character with |
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130 | Alt-Gr-E in all KDE-programs. Remaining the non-KDE-programs. |
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131 | </p><p>Unfortunately this is not as easy as the settings before. You have to set the right |
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132 | font for every single X-program. So I will just explain how to enable the Euro character |
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133 | for xterm and (X)Emacs. You can change the fonts for programs under X in your private |
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134 | <path>.Xdefaults</path> in your home directory. To enable it for other (new) users you could |
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135 | copy this file to <path>/etc/skel</path>. |
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136 | </p> |
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137 | </body> |
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138 | </section> |
348 | <section> |
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349 | <body> |
139 | |
350 | |
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351 | <p> |
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352 | For KDE you have to install the <c>kde-base/kde-i18n</c> package. Kde-i18n |
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353 | respects <uri link="#variables">LINGUAS variable</uri> described earlier. |
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354 | </p> |
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355 | |
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356 | </body> |
140 | <section> |
357 | </section> |
141 | <title>Euro character for xterm</title> |
358 | </chapter> |
142 | <body> |
359 | |
143 | <p>Insert the following in your <path>.Xdefaults</path>: |
360 | <chapter> |
144 | <pre> |
361 | <title>The Euro Symbol for the Console</title> |
145 | xterm*font: 7x13euro |
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146 | </pre> |
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147 | </p> |
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148 | </body> |
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149 | </section> |
362 | <section> |
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363 | <body> |
150 | |
364 | |
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365 | <p> |
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366 | In order to get your console to display the Euro symbol, you |
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367 | will need to set <c>CONSOLEFONT</c> in |
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368 | <path>/etc/rc.conf</path> to a file found in |
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369 | <path>/usr/share/consolefonts/</path> (without the |
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370 | <c>.psfu.gz</c>). <c>lat9w-16</c> has the Euro symbol. |
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371 | </p> |
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372 | |
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373 | <pre caption="setting the console font"> |
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374 | CONSOLEFONT="lat9w-16" |
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375 | </pre> |
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376 | |
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377 | </body> |
151 | <section> |
378 | </section> |
152 | <title>Euro character for (X)Emacs</title> |
379 | </chapter> |
153 | <body> |
380 | |
154 | <p>For (X)Emacs you define the font in <path>.Xdefaults</path> as shown below: |
381 | <chapter> |
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382 | <title>The Euro Symbol in X</title> |
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383 | <section> |
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384 | <title>Most Applications</title> |
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385 | <body> |
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386 | |
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387 | <p> |
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388 | Getting the Euro symbol to work properly in X is a little |
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389 | bit tougher. The first thing you should do is change the <c>fixed</c> |
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390 | and <c>variable</c> definitions in |
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391 | <path>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc/fonts.alias</path> to end |
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392 | in <c>iso8859-15</c> instead of <c>iso8859-1</c>. |
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393 | </p> |
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394 | |
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395 | <pre caption="setting default X fonts"> |
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396 | fixed -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-iso8859-15 |
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397 | variable -*-helvetica-bold-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-15 |
155 | <pre> |
398 | </pre> |
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399 | |
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400 | <p> |
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401 | Some applications use their own font, and you will have to |
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402 | tell them separately to use a font with the Euro symbol. You |
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403 | can do this at a user-specific level in |
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404 | <path>.Xdefaults</path> (you can copy this file to |
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405 | <path>/etc/skel/</path> for use by new users), or at a global |
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406 | level for any application with a resource file in |
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407 | <path>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults/</path> (like xterm). In |
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408 | these files you generally have to change an existing line, |
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409 | rather than adding a new one. To change our xterm font, for |
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410 | instance: |
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411 | </p> |
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412 | |
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413 | <pre caption="setting fonts for xterm"> |
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414 | <comment>(in your home directory)</comment> |
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415 | # <i>echo 'XTerm*font: fixed' >> .Xresources </i> |
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416 | # <i>xrdb -merge .Xresources</i> |
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417 | </pre> |
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418 | |
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419 | </body> |
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420 | </section> |
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421 | <section> |
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422 | <title>The Euro symbol in (X)Emacs</title> |
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423 | <body> |
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424 | |
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425 | <p> |
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426 | To use the Euro symbol in (X)Emacs, add the following to |
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427 | <path>.Xdefaults</path>: |
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428 | </p> |
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429 | |
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430 | <pre caption="setting the font for emacs"> |
156 | Emacs.default.attributeFont: -*-courier-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-15 |
431 | Emacs.default.attributeFont: -*-courier-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-15 |
157 | </pre> |
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158 | </p><p>If you are using XEmacs (not Emacs) you will have to tell him what to do with |
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159 | the <i>EuroSign</i>. This will be done through a definition in |
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160 | <path>.xemacs/init.el</path> in your home directory: |
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161 | <pre> |
432 | </pre> |
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433 | |
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434 | <p> |
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435 | For XEmacs (not plain Emacs), you have to do a little |
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436 | more. In <path>/home/user/.xemacs/init.el</path>, add: |
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437 | </p> |
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438 | |
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439 | <pre caption="setting the font for xemacs"> |
162 | (define-key global-map '(EuroSign) '[€]) |
440 | (define-key global-map '(EuroSign) '[€]) |
163 | </pre> |
441 | </pre> |
164 | <note>The character in the square brackets is the Euro character.</note> |
442 | |
165 | </p> |
443 | <note> |
166 | </body> |
444 | The symbol in the []s is the Euro symbol. |
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445 | </note> |
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446 | |
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447 | </body> |
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448 | </section> |
167 | </section> |
449 | <section> |
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450 | <title>OpenOffice.Org</title> |
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451 | <body> |
168 | |
452 | |
169 | </chapter> |
453 | <p> |
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454 | The current <c>app-office/openoffice</c> (or <c>-ximian</c>) source ebuilds |
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455 | support <uri link="#variables">LINGUAS variable</uri> for selecting installed |
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456 | GUI language packs. The current <e>stable</e> |
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457 | <c>app-office/openoffice-bin</c> binary ebuilds do <e>not</e> yet |
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458 | support LINGUAS variable, however, so in order to use localised OpenOffice.Org |
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459 | you must either install the source version, or, with your discretion, the |
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460 | unstable binary version. To see status of GUI translation, |
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461 | hyphenation, spell checking and other localisations on your language, please |
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462 | refer to |
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463 | <uri link="http://l10n.openoffice.org/languages.html">OpenOffice.Org |
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464 | localisation web site</uri>. |
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465 | </p> |
170 | |
466 | |
171 | <version>$Revision: 1.1 $</version> |
467 | </body> |
172 | <date>$Date: 2002/11/09 18:47:44 $</date> |
468 | </section> |
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469 | </chapter> |
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470 | |
173 | </guide> |
471 | </guide> |