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<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> |
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<!DOCTYPE sections SYSTEM "/dtd/book.dtd"> |
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|
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<!-- The content of this document is licensed under the CC-BY-SA license --> |
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<!-- See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0 --> |
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|
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<!-- $Header: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/draft/hb-install-alpha-kernel.xml,v 1.9 2004/11/09 13:05:40 swift Exp $ --> |
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|
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<sections> |
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|
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<version>1.10</version> |
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<date>October 20, 2004</date> |
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|
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<section> |
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<title>Timezone</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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You first need to select your timezone so that your system knows where it is |
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located. Look for your timezone in <path>/usr/share/zoneinfo</path>, then make a |
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symlink to <path>/etc/localtime</path> using <c>ln</c>: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Setting the timezone information"> |
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# <i>ls /usr/share/zoneinfo</i> |
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<comment>(Suppose you want to use GMT)</comment> |
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# <i>ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/GMT /etc/localtime</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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</body> |
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</section> |
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<section> |
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<title>Installing the Sources</title> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Choosing a Kernel</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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The core around which all distributions are built is the Linux kernel. It is the |
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layer between the user programs and your system hardware. Gentoo provides its |
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users several possible kernel sources. A full listing with description is |
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available at the <uri link="/doc/en/gentoo-kernel.xml">Gentoo Kernel |
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Guide</uri>. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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For alpha-based systems we have <c>vanilla-sources</c> (the default kernel |
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source as developed by the linux-kernel developers), <c>alpha-sources</c> |
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(kernel source optimized for alpha users) and <c>compaq-sources</c> (kernel |
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source as used by RedHat for Alpha, maintained by Compaq). |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Choose your kernel source and install it using <c>emerge</c>. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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In the next example we install the <c>vanilla-sources</c>. |
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Of course substitute with your choice of sources, this is merely an example: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Installing a kernel source"> |
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# <i>emerge vanilla-sources</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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When you take a look in <path>/usr/src</path> you should see a symlink called |
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<path>linux</path> pointing to your kernel source: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Viewing the kernel source symlink"> |
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# <i>ls -l /usr/src/linux</i> |
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lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Oct 13 11:04 /usr/src/linux -> linux-2.4.24 |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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If this isn't the case (i.e. the symlink points to a different kernel source) |
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change the symlink before you continue: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Changing the kernel source symlink"> |
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# <i>rm /usr/src/linux</i> |
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# <i>cd /usr/src</i> |
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# <i>ln -s linux-2.4.24 linux</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now it is time to configure and compile your kernel source. You |
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can use <c>genkernel</c> for this, which will build a generic kernel as used |
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by the LiveCD. We explain the "manual" configuration first though, as it is |
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the best way to optimize your environment. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you want to manually configure your kernel, continue now with <uri |
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link="#manual">Default: Manual Configuration</uri>. If you want to use |
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<c>genkernel</c> you should read <uri link="#genkernel">Alternative: Using |
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genkernel</uri> instead. |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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</section> |
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<section id="manual"> |
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<title>Default: Manual Configuration</title> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Introduction</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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Manually configuring a kernel is often seen as the most difficult procedure a |
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Linux user ever has to perform. Nothing is less true -- after configuring a |
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couple of kernels you don't even remember that it was difficult ;) |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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However, one thing <e>is</e> true: you must know your system when you start |
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configuring a kernel manually. Most information can be gathered by viewing the |
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contents of <path>/proc/pci</path> (or by using <c>lspci</c> if available). You |
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can also run <c>lsmod</c> to see what kernel modules the LiveCD uses (it might |
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provide you with a nice hint on what to enable). |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now go to your kernel source directory and execute <c>make menuconfig</c>. This |
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will fire up an ncurses-based configuration menu. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Invoking menuconfig"> |
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# <i>cd /usr/src/linux</i> |
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# <i>make menuconfig</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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You will be greeted with several configuration sections. We'll first list some |
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options you must activate (otherwise Gentoo will not function, or not function |
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properly without additional tweaks). |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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<subsection> |
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<title>Activating Required Options</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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First of all, activate the use of development and experimental code/drivers. |
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You need this, otherwise some very important code/drivers won't show up: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Selecting experimental code/drivers"> |
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Code maturity level options ---> |
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[*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now go to <c>File Systems</c> and select support for the filesystems you use. |
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<e>Don't</e> compile them as modules, otherwise your Gentoo system will not be |
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able to mount your partitions. Also select <c>Virtual memory</c>, <c>/proc |
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file system</c>, <c>/dev file system</c> + <c>Automatically mount at boot</c>: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Selecting necessary file systems"> |
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<comment>(With a 2.4.x kernel)</comment> |
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File systems ---> |
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[*] Virtual memory file system support (former shm fs) |
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[*] /proc file system support |
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[*] /dev file system support (EXPERIMENTAL) |
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[*] Automatically mount at boot |
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[ ] /dev/pts file system for Unix98 PTYs |
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|
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<comment>(With a 2.6.x kernel)</comment> |
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File systems ---> |
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Pseudo Filesystems ---> |
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[*] /proc file system support |
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[*] /dev file system support (OBSOLETE) |
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[*] Automatically mount at boot |
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[*] Virtual memory file system support (former shm fs) |
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|
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<comment>(Select one or more of the following options as needed by your system)</comment> |
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<*> Reiserfs support |
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<*> Ext3 journalling file system support |
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<*> JFS filesystem support |
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<*> Second extended fs support |
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<*> XFS filesystem support |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you are using PPPoE to connect to the Internet or you are using a dial-up |
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modem, you will need the following options in the kernel: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Selecting PPPoE necessary drivers"> |
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<comment>(With a 2.4.x kernel)</comment> |
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Network device support ---> |
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<*> PPP (point-to-point protocol) support |
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<*> PPP support for async serial ports |
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<*> PPP support for sync tty ports |
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|
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<comment>(With a 2.6.x kernel)</comment> |
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Device Drivers ---> |
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Networking support ---> |
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<*> PPP (point-to-point protocol) support |
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<*> PPP support for async serial ports |
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<*> PPP support for sync tty ports |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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The two compression options won't harm but are not definitely needed, neither |
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does the <c>PPP over Ethernet</c> option, that might only be used by |
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<c>rp-pppoe</c> when configured to do kernel mode PPPoE. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you require it, don't forget to include support in the kernel for your |
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ethernet card. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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The following options are recommended as well: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Recommended Alpha options"> |
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General setup ---> |
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<*> SRM environment through procfs |
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<*> Configure uac policy via sysctl |
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|
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Plug and Play configuration ---> |
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<*> Plug and Play support |
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<M> ISA Plug and Play support |
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|
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SCSI support ---> |
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SCSI low-level drivers ---> |
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<*> SYM53C8XX Version 2 SCSI support (NEW) |
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<*> Qlogic ISP SCSI support |
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|
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Network device support ---> |
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Ethernet (10 or 100 Mbit) ---> |
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<M> DECchip Tulip (dc21x4x) PCI support |
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<M> Generic DECchip & DIGITAL EtherWORKS PCI/EISA |
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<M> EtherExpressPro/100 support (eepro100) |
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<M> EtherExpressPro/100 support (e100) |
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Ethernet (1000 Mbit) ---> |
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<M> Alteon AceNIC |
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[*] Omit support for old Tigon I |
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<M> Broadcom Tigon3 |
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[*] FDDI driver support |
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<M> Digital DEFEA and DEFPA |
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<*> PPP support |
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<*> PPP Deflate compression |
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|
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Character devices ---> |
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[*] Support for console on serial port |
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[*] Direct Rendering Manager |
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|
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File systems ---> |
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<*> Kernel automounter version 4 support |
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Network File Systems ---> |
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<*> NFS |
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[*] NFSv3 client |
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<*> NFS server |
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[*] NFSv3 server |
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Partition Types ---> |
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[*] Advanced partition selection |
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[*] Alpha OSF partition support |
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Native Language Support |
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<*> NLS ISO 8859-1 |
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|
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Sound ---> |
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<M> Sound card support |
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<M> OSS sound modules |
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[*] Verbose initialisation |
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[*] Persistent DMA buffers |
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<M> 100% Sound Blaster compatibles |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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When you've finished configuring the kernel, continue with <uri |
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link="#compiling">Compiling and Installing</uri>. |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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<subsection id="compiling"> |
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<title>Compiling and Installing</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now that your kernel is configured, it is time to compile and install it. Exit |
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the configuration and run <c>make dep && make vmlinux modules |
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modules_install</c>: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Compiling the kernel"> |
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<comment>(For 2.4 kernel)</comment> |
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# <i>make dep && make vmlinux modules modules_install</i> |
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|
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<comment>(For 2.6 kernel)</comment> |
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# <i>make && make modules_install</i> |
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|
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<comment>(For all kernels)</comment> |
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# <i>make boot</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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When the kernel has finished compiling, copy the kernel image to |
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<path>/boot</path>. In the next example we assume you have configured and |
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compiled <c>vanilla-sources-2.4.24</c>; recent kernels might create |
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<path>vmlinux</path> instead of <path>vmlinux.gz</path>. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Installing the kernel"> |
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# <i>cp arch/alpha/boot/vmlinux.gz /boot/</i> |
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# <i>cp System.map /boot/System.map-2.4.24</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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It is also wise to copy over your kernel configuration file to |
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<path>/boot</path>, just in case :) |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Backing up your kernel configuration"> |
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# <i>cp .config /boot/config-2.4.24</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now continue with <uri link="#kernel_modules">Installing Separate Kernel |
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Modules</uri>. |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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</section> |
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<section id="genkernel"> |
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<title>Alternative: Using genkernel</title> |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you are reading this section, you have chosen to use our <c>genkernel</c> |
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script to configure your kernel for you. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now that your kernel source tree is installed, it's now time to compile your |
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kernel by using our <c>genkernel</c> script to automatically build a kernel for |
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you. <c>genkernel</c> works by configuring a kernel nearly identically to the |
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way our LiveCD kernel is configured. This means that when you use |
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<c>genkernel</c> to build your kernel, your system will generally detect all |
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your hardware at boot-time, just like our Live CD does. Because genkernel |
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doesn't require any manual kernel configuration, it is an ideal solution for |
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those users who may not be comfortable compiling their own kernels. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now, let's see how to use genkernel. First, emerge the genkernel ebuild: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Emerging genkernel"> |
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# <i>emerge genkernel</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now, compile your kernel sources by running <c>genkernel all</c>. |
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Be aware though, as <c>genkernel</c> compiles a kernel that supports almost all |
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hardware, this compilation will take quite a while to finish! |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Note that, if your boot partition doesn't use ext2 or ext3 as filesystem you |
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need to manually configure your kernel using <c>genkernel --menuconfig all</c> |
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and add support for your filesystem <e>in</e> the kernel (i.e. <e>not</e> as a |
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module). |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Running genkernel"> |
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# <i>genkernel all</i> |
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GenKernel v3.0.1_beta10 |
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* ARCH: Alpha |
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* KERNEL VER: 2.4.24 |
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* kernel: configuring source |
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* kernel: running mrproper |
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<comment>(Output removed to increase readability)</comment> |
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* Kernel compiled successfully! |
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* Required Kernel Params: |
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* : root=/dev/ram0 init=/linuxrc real_root=/dev/$ROOT |
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* where $ROOT is the devicenode for your root partition as |
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* you should have specified in /etc/fstab |
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* |
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* You MUST tell your bootloader to use the generated initrd |
| 390 |
* |
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* Recommended Kernel Params: |
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* : vga=0x317 splash=verbose |
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* |
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* Do NOT report kernel bugs (configs included) as genkernel bugs. |
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* Make sure you have the latest genkernel before reporting bugs |
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* |
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* For more info see /usr/share/genkernel/README |
| 398 |
</pre> |
| 399 |
|
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<p> |
| 401 |
Once <c>genkernel</c> completes, a kernel, full set of modules and |
| 402 |
<e>initial root disk</e> (initrd) will be created. We will use the kernel |
| 403 |
and initrd when configuring a boot loader later in this document. Write |
| 404 |
down the names of the kernel and initrd as you will need it when writing |
| 405 |
the bootloader configuration file. The initrd will be started immediately after |
| 406 |
booting to perform hardware autodetection (just like on the Live CD) before |
| 407 |
your "real" system starts up. |
| 408 |
</p> |
| 409 |
|
| 410 |
<pre caption="Checking the created kernel image name and initrd"> |
| 411 |
# <i>ls /boot/kernel* /boot/initrd*</i> |
| 412 |
</pre> |
| 413 |
|
| 414 |
<p> |
| 415 |
Now, let's perform one more step to get our system to be more like the Live |
| 416 |
CD -- let's emerge <c>hotplug</c>. While the initrd autodetects hardware that |
| 417 |
is needed to boot your system, <c>hotplug</c> autodetects everything else. |
| 418 |
To emerge and enable <c>hotplug</c>, type the following: |
| 419 |
</p> |
| 420 |
|
| 421 |
<pre caption="Emerging and enabling hotplug"> |
| 422 |
# <i>emerge hotplug</i> |
| 423 |
# <i>rc-update add hotplug default</i> |
| 424 |
</pre> |
| 425 |
|
| 426 |
</body> |
| 427 |
</section> |
| 428 |
<section id="kernel_modules"> |
| 429 |
<title>Installing Separate Kernel Modules</title> |
| 430 |
<subsection> |
| 431 |
<title>Installing Extra Modules</title> |
| 432 |
<body> |
| 433 |
|
| 434 |
<p> |
| 435 |
If appropriate, you should emerge ebuilds for any additional hardware that is |
| 436 |
on your system. Here is a list of kernel-related ebuilds that you could emerge: |
| 437 |
</p> |
| 438 |
|
| 439 |
<table> |
| 440 |
<tcolumn width="1in"/> |
| 441 |
<tcolumn width="4in"/> |
| 442 |
<tcolumn width="2in"/> |
| 443 |
<tr> |
| 444 |
<th>Ebuild</th> |
| 445 |
<th>Purpose</th> |
| 446 |
<th>Command</th> |
| 447 |
</tr> |
| 448 |
<tr> |
| 449 |
<ti>xfree-drm</ti> |
| 450 |
<ti> |
| 451 |
Accelerated graphics for ATI Radeon up to 9200, Rage128, Matrox, Voodoo and |
| 452 |
other cards for XFree86. Please check the <c>IUSE_VIDEO_CARDS</c> variable |
| 453 |
in the <path>/usr/portage/x11-base/xfree-drm</path> ebuilds to see what you |
| 454 |
need to fill in as <c>yourcard</c>. |
| 455 |
</ti> |
| 456 |
<ti><c>VIDEO_CARDS="yourcard" emerge xfree-drm</c></ti> |
| 457 |
</tr> |
| 458 |
</table> |
| 459 |
|
| 460 |
<p> |
| 461 |
Beware though, some of these ebuilds might deal with big dependencies. To verify |
| 462 |
what packages will be installed by emerging an ebuild, use <c>emerge |
| 463 |
--pretend</c>. For instance, for the <c>xfree-drm</c> package: |
| 464 |
</p> |
| 465 |
|
| 466 |
<pre caption="View full installation package listing"> |
| 467 |
# <i>emerge --pretend xfree-drm</i> |
| 468 |
</pre> |
| 469 |
|
| 470 |
</body> |
| 471 |
</subsection> |
| 472 |
<subsection> |
| 473 |
<title>Configuring the Modules</title> |
| 474 |
<body> |
| 475 |
|
| 476 |
<p> |
| 477 |
You should list the modules you want automatically loaded in |
| 478 |
<path>/etc/modules.autoload.d/kernel-2.4</path> (or <path>kernel-2.6</path>). |
| 479 |
You can add extra options to the modules too if you want. |
| 480 |
</p> |
| 481 |
|
| 482 |
<p> |
| 483 |
To view all available modules, run the following <c>find</c> command. Don't |
| 484 |
forget to substitute "<kernel version>" with the version of the kernel you |
| 485 |
just compiled: |
| 486 |
</p> |
| 487 |
|
| 488 |
<pre caption="Viewing all available modules"> |
| 489 |
# <i>find /lib/modules/<kernel version>/ -type f -iname '*.o' -or -iname '*.ko'</i> |
| 490 |
</pre> |
| 491 |
|
| 492 |
<p> |
| 493 |
For instance, to automatically load the <c>3c59x.o</c> module, edit the |
| 494 |
<path>kernel-2.4</path> or <path>kernel-2.6</path> file and enter the module |
| 495 |
name in it. |
| 496 |
</p> |
| 497 |
|
| 498 |
<pre caption="Editing /etc/modules.autoload.d/kernel-2.4"> |
| 499 |
<comment>(Example for 2.4 kernels)</comment> |
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# <i>nano -w /etc/modules.autoload.d/kernel-2.4</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<pre caption="/etc/modules.autoload.d/kernel-2.4 or kernel-2.6"> |
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3c59x |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Now run <c>modules-update</c> to commit your changes to the |
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<path>/etc/modules.conf</path> file: |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Running modules-update"> |
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# <i>modules-update</i> |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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Continue the installation with <uri link="?part=1&chap=8">Configuring |
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your System</uri>. |
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</p> |
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|
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</body> |
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</subsection> |
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</section> |
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</sections> |
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